Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure

The mucosal immune system has bidirectional tasks to mount an effective defense against invading harmful pathogens and to suppress the immune response to alimentary antigens and commensal bacterial flora. Oral tolerance is a suppression of the mucosal immune pathway related to a specific immunophenotype of the dendritic cells and an induction of the regulatory T cells as well as with the silencing of the effector T cell response by anergy and deletion. The physiological dynamic process of the anatomical and functional maturation of the immune system occurring in children during pre- and postnatal periods is a significant factor, having an impact on the fine balance between the activation and the suppression of the immune response. In this paper, mechanisms of mucosal immunity and tolerance induction in terms of maturational issues are discussed with a special emphasis on the implications for a novel therapeutic intervention in allergic diseases via the sublingual route.

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Oral tolerance as antigen-specific immunotherapy

Immunotherapy Advances ◽

10.1093/immadv/ltab017 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Natália Pinheiro-Rosa ◽

Lícia Torres ◽

Mariana de Almeida Oliveira ◽

Marcos Felipe Andrade de Oliveira ◽

Mauro Andrade de Freitas Guimaraes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Tolerance ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Tolerance Induction ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Oral Route ◽

Oral Immunotherapy ◽

The Body ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Oral Tolerance Induction ◽

And Control

Abstract Oral tolerance is a physiological phenomenon described more than a century ago as a suppressive immune response to antigens that gain access to the body by the oral route. It is a robust and long-lasting event with local and systemic effects in which the generation of mucosally-induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) play an essential role. The idea of using oral tolerance to inhibit autoimmune and allergic diseases by oral administration of target antigens was an important development that was successfully tested in 1980’s. Since then, several studies have shown that feeding specific antigens can be used to prevent and control chronic inflammatory diseases in both animal models and clinically. Therefore, oral tolerance can be classified as an antigen-specific form of oral immunotherapy (OIT). In the light of novel findings on mechanisms, sites of induction and factors affecting oral tolerance, this review will focus on specific characteristics of oral tolerance induction and how they impact in its therapeutic application.

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Oral allergenspecific immunotherapy and the way of its improvement

Rossiiskii Allergologicheskii ZHurnal ◽

10.36691/rja874 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

L R Vykhrystsenkо

Keyword(s):

Oral Tolerance ◽

Specific Immunotherapy ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽

Oral Method ◽

The Way

Oral method of allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is found to be the safe and available for the patients with allergic diseases. In this review the mechanisms of oral tolerance formation and the results of the efficacy and safety of oral ASIT are presented. The modern dosage forms of oral allergovaccines are analyzed.

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Pediatric Allergic Diseases, Food Allergy, and Oral Tolerance

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125346 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 511-528

Author(s):

Kirsty Logan ◽

George Du Toit ◽

Mattia Giovannini ◽

Victor Turcanu ◽

Gideon Lack

Keyword(s):

Allergic Rhinitis ◽

Food Allergy ◽

Oral Tolerance ◽

Tolerance Induction ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Health Concern ◽

Early Introduction ◽

Oral Tolerance Induction ◽

Allergy Prevalence ◽

Significant Health

Pediatric allergic disease is a significant health concern worldwide, and the prevalence of childhood eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy continues to increase. Evidence to support specific interventions for the prevention of eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis is limited, and no consensus on prevention strategies has been reached. Randomized controlled trials investigating the prevention of food allergy via oral tolerance induction and the early introduction of allergenic foods have been successful in reducing peanut and egg allergy prevalence. Infant weaning guidelines in the United Sates were recently amended to actively encourage the introduction of peanut for prevention of peanut allergy.

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The role and mechanisms of the oral tolerance in the development of allergic diseases of the oral cavity mucosa

Vestnik of Vitebsk State Medical University ◽

10.22263/2312-4156.2019.2.28 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 28-36

Author(s):

N.A. Karpuk ◽

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Oral Tolerance ◽

Allergic Diseases

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Induction of Oral Tolerance to Treat Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases by Using Transgenic Plants

Molecular Farming in Plants: Recent Advances and Future Prospects ◽

10.1007/978-94-007-2217-0_2 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 21-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shengwu Ma ◽

Anthony M. Jevnikar

Keyword(s):

Transgenic Plants ◽

Oral Tolerance ◽

Allergic Diseases

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Oral tolerance induction and food allergy prevention

Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.20883/jms.378 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 88 (3) ◽

pp. 177-183

Author(s):

Natallia Tsikhan ◽

Mikhail Belevtsev

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Oral Tolerance ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

System Development ◽

Tolerance Induction ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Current Data ◽

Allergy Prevention ◽

Immune System Development ◽

Oral Tolerance Induction

This review aims to provide an overview of the issue of oral tolerance induction in early childhood and allergy manifestation. We discuss changes in epidemiology of allergic diseases that have occurred over the last decades in the context of current knowledge about environmental factors affecting prevalence of these diseases. Also this article presents current data about causes of "hygiene hypothesis" expansion to "microflora hypothesis" as well as an immunological background of this process; describes how immune factors of cord blood and breast milk, maternal and infant’s elimination diet, timing a solid food intake impact on immune system development and tolerance induction in early childhood. Current knowledge on issues of tolerance induction and allergy should induce update of allergy prevention recommendations in the nearest future.

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