The role and mechanisms of the oral tolerance in the development of allergic diseases of the oral cavity mucosa

The mucosal immune system has bidirectional tasks to mount an effective defense against invading harmful pathogens and to suppress the immune response to alimentary antigens and commensal bacterial flora. Oral tolerance is a suppression of the mucosal immune pathway related to a specific immunophenotype of the dendritic cells and an induction of the regulatory T cells as well as with the silencing of the effector T cell response by anergy and deletion. The physiological dynamic process of the anatomical and functional maturation of the immune system occurring in children during pre- and postnatal periods is a significant factor, having an impact on the fine balance between the activation and the suppression of the immune response. In this paper, mechanisms of mucosal immunity and tolerance induction in terms of maturational issues are discussed with a special emphasis on the implications for a novel therapeutic intervention in allergic diseases via the sublingual route.

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Oral tolerance as antigen-specific immunotherapy

Immunotherapy Advances ◽

10.1093/immadv/ltab017 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Natália Pinheiro-Rosa ◽

Lícia Torres ◽

Mariana de Almeida Oliveira ◽

Marcos Felipe Andrade de Oliveira ◽

Mauro Andrade de Freitas Guimaraes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Tolerance ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Tolerance Induction ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Oral Route ◽

Oral Immunotherapy ◽

The Body ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Oral Tolerance Induction ◽

And Control

Abstract Oral tolerance is a physiological phenomenon described more than a century ago as a suppressive immune response to antigens that gain access to the body by the oral route. It is a robust and long-lasting event with local and systemic effects in which the generation of mucosally-induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) play an essential role. The idea of using oral tolerance to inhibit autoimmune and allergic diseases by oral administration of target antigens was an important development that was successfully tested in 1980’s. Since then, several studies have shown that feeding specific antigens can be used to prevent and control chronic inflammatory diseases in both animal models and clinically. Therefore, oral tolerance can be classified as an antigen-specific form of oral immunotherapy (OIT). In the light of novel findings on mechanisms, sites of induction and factors affecting oral tolerance, this review will focus on specific characteristics of oral tolerance induction and how they impact in its therapeutic application.

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Oral allergenspecific immunotherapy and the way of its improvement

Rossiiskii Allergologicheskii ZHurnal ◽

10.36691/rja874 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

L R Vykhrystsenkо

Keyword(s):

Oral Tolerance ◽

Specific Immunotherapy ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽

Oral Method ◽

The Way

Oral method of allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is found to be the safe and available for the patients with allergic diseases. In this review the mechanisms of oral tolerance formation and the results of the efficacy and safety of oral ASIT are presented. The modern dosage forms of oral allergovaccines are analyzed.

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Pediatric Allergic Diseases, Food Allergy, and Oral Tolerance

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125346 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 511-528

Author(s):

Kirsty Logan ◽

George Du Toit ◽

Mattia Giovannini ◽

Victor Turcanu ◽

Gideon Lack

Keyword(s):

Allergic Rhinitis ◽

Food Allergy ◽

Oral Tolerance ◽

Tolerance Induction ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Health Concern ◽

Early Introduction ◽

Oral Tolerance Induction ◽

Allergy Prevalence ◽

Significant Health

Pediatric allergic disease is a significant health concern worldwide, and the prevalence of childhood eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy continues to increase. Evidence to support specific interventions for the prevention of eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis is limited, and no consensus on prevention strategies has been reached. Randomized controlled trials investigating the prevention of food allergy via oral tolerance induction and the early introduction of allergenic foods have been successful in reducing peanut and egg allergy prevalence. Infant weaning guidelines in the United Sates were recently amended to actively encourage the introduction of peanut for prevention of peanut allergy.

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Induction of Oral Tolerance to Treat Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases by Using Transgenic Plants

Molecular Farming in Plants: Recent Advances and Future Prospects ◽

10.1007/978-94-007-2217-0_2 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 21-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shengwu Ma ◽

Anthony M. Jevnikar

Keyword(s):

Transgenic Plants ◽

Oral Tolerance ◽

Allergic Diseases

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Assessment Of Some Functional Indicators Of The Oral Cavity Working In Tobacco Production

The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.37547/tajmspr/volume02issue10-17 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 02 (10) ◽

pp. 108-112

Author(s):

Nazarova Nodira Sharipovna ◽

◽

Sitora Baizakova ◽

Sevinch Ismailova ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Control Group ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Prophylactic Measures ◽

Tobacco Extract ◽

Simplex Virus ◽

The Impact

To date, it has been established that 70% of people involved in tobacco growing have various diseases [4,6,]. Comparison of morbidity rates with temporary disability of workers employed in tobacco growing and the control group shows that tobacco growers get sick more often than others. The number of diseases they have is 37%, and the number of days of disability is 30% higher than in other types of agricultural work [8,4,1]. Diseases of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, infectious and allergic diseases, nervous and cardiovascular systems, skin and subcutaneous tissue occupy the leading place in the structure of tobacco growers' morbidity. However, there is no information on the impact of unfavorable factors of the tobacco-growing industry on the organs and tissues of the oral cavity of workers and the corresponding therapeutic and prophylactic measures, with the exception of individual works [7,2] in the form of an article, where long-term exposure to tobacco extract under experimental conditions, combined with a single dose and a population herpes simplex virus, cause clinical and morphological changes resembling leukoplakia.

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Oral tolerance induction and food allergy prevention

Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.20883/jms.378 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 88 (3) ◽

pp. 177-183

Author(s):

Natallia Tsikhan ◽

Mikhail Belevtsev

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Oral Tolerance ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

System Development ◽

Tolerance Induction ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Current Data ◽

Allergy Prevention ◽

Immune System Development ◽

Oral Tolerance Induction

This review aims to provide an overview of the issue of oral tolerance induction in early childhood and allergy manifestation. We discuss changes in epidemiology of allergic diseases that have occurred over the last decades in the context of current knowledge about environmental factors affecting prevalence of these diseases. Also this article presents current data about causes of "hygiene hypothesis" expansion to "microflora hypothesis" as well as an immunological background of this process; describes how immune factors of cord blood and breast milk, maternal and infant’s elimination diet, timing a solid food intake impact on immune system development and tolerance induction in early childhood. Current knowledge on issues of tolerance induction and allergy should induce update of allergy prevention recommendations in the nearest future.

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Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure

World Allergy Organization Journal ◽

10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100586 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 100586

Author(s):

Mathias Hornef ◽

Oliver Pabst ◽

Isabella Annesi-Maesano ◽

Manja Fleddermann ◽

Erika von Mutius ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Tolerance ◽

Allergic Diseases

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Oral and Oropharyngeal Sensory Function in Adults With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 864-872

Author(s):

Fernanda Borowsky da Rosa ◽

Adriane Schmidt Pasqualoto ◽

Catriona M. Steele ◽

Renata Mancopes

Keyword(s):

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Pulmonary Disease ◽

Thermal Sensation ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Control Group ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Age Related ◽

Copd Patients

Introduction The oral cavity and pharynx have a rich sensory system composed of specialized receptors. The integrity of oropharyngeal sensation is thought to be fundamental for safe and efficient swallowing. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are at risk for oropharyngeal sensory impairment due to frequent use of inhaled medications and comorbidities including gastroesophageal reflux disease. Objective This study aimed to describe and compare oral and oropharyngeal sensory function measured using noninstrumental clinical methods in adults with COPD and healthy controls. Method Participants included 27 adults (18 men, nine women) with a diagnosis of COPD and a mean age of 66.56 years ( SD = 8.68). The control group comprised 11 healthy adults (five men, six women) with a mean age of 60.09 years ( SD = 11.57). Spirometry measures confirmed reduced functional expiratory volumes (% predicted) in the COPD patients compared to the control participants. All participants completed a case history interview and underwent clinical evaluation of oral and oropharyngeal sensation by a speech-language pathologist. The sensory evaluation explored the detection of tactile and temperature stimuli delivered by cotton swab to six locations in the oral cavity and two in the oropharynx as well as identification of the taste of stimuli administered in 5-ml boluses to the mouth. Analyses explored the frequencies of accurate responses regarding stimulus location, temperature and taste between groups, and between age groups (“≤ 65 years” and “> 65 years”) within the COPD cohort. Results We found significantly higher frequencies of reported use of inhaled medications ( p < .001) and xerostomia ( p = .003) in the COPD cohort. Oral cavity thermal sensation ( p = .009) was reduced in the COPD participants, and a significant age-related decline in gustatory sensation was found in the COPD group ( p = .018). Conclusion This study found that most of the measures of oral and oropharyngeal sensation remained intact in the COPD group. Oral thermal sensation was impaired in individuals with COPD, and reduced gustatory sensation was observed in the older COPD participants. Possible links between these results and the use of inhaled medication by individuals with COPD are discussed.

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