The role of glucose in physiological and pathological heart formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruko Nakano ◽  
Viviana M. Fajardo ◽  
Atsushi Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Heart Formation

The role of the dorsal lip in the induction of heart mesoderm in Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Sater ◽  
A.G. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Dorsal Midline ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Secondary Axis ◽  
Heart Formation

We have examined the tissue interactions responsible for the expression of heart-forming potency during gastrulation. By comparing the specification of different regions of the marginal zone, we show that heart-forming potency is expressed only in explants containing both the dorsal lip of the blastopore and deep mesoderm between 30 degrees and 45 degrees lateral to the dorsal midline. Embryos from which both of these 30 degrees-45 degrees dorsolateral regions have been removed undergo heart formation in two thirds of cases, as long as the dorsal lip is left intact. If the dorsal lip is removed along with the 30 degrees-45 degrees regions, heart formation does not occur. These results indicate that the dorsolateral deep mesoderm must interact with the dorsal lip in order to express heart-forming potency. Transplantation of the dorsal lip into the ventral marginal zone of host embryos results in the formation of a secondary axis; in over half of cases, this secondary axis includes a heart derived from the host mesoderm. These findings suggest that the establishment of heart mesoderm is initiated by a dorsalizing signal from the dorsal lip of the blastopore.

scholarly journals Phosphodiesterases Expression during Murine Cardiac Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2593
Author(s):  
Thays Maria da Conceição Silva Carvalho ◽  
Silvia Cardarelli ◽  
Mauro Giorgi ◽  
Andrea Lenzi ◽  
Andrea M. Isidori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Development ◽  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
Development Data ◽  
Heart Formation ◽  
Camp And Cgmp ◽  
Developing Mice

3′-5′ cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a large family of enzymes playing a fundamental role in the control of intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP. Emerging evidence suggested an important role of phosphodiesterases in heart formation, but little is known about the expression of phosphodiesterases during cardiac development. In the present study, the pattern of expression and enzymatic activity of phosphodiesterases was investigated at different stages of heart formation. C57BL/6 mice were mated and embryos were collected from 14.5 to 18.5 days of development. Data obtained by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that seven different isoforms are expressed during heart development, and PDE1C, PDE2A, PDE4D, PDE5A and PDE8A are modulated from E14.5 to E18.5. In heart homogenates, the total cAMP and cGMP hydrolytic activity is constant at the evaluated times, and PDE4 accounts for the majority of the cAMP hydrolyzing ability and PDE2A accounts for cGMP hydrolysis. This study showed that a subset of PDEs is expressed in developing mice heart and some of them are modulated to maintain constant nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in embryonic and fetal heart.

scholarly journals hrT is required for cardiovascular development in zebrafish

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (21) ◽  
pp. 5093-5101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Szeto ◽  
Kevin J. P. Griffin ◽  
David Kimelman
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Cardiovascular Development ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
T Box ◽  
Vascular Morphogenesis ◽  
Developing Heart ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Heart Formation ◽  
Cardiovascular Cells

The recently identified zebrafish T-box gene hrT is expressed in the developing heart and in the endothelial cells forming the dorsal aorta. Orthologs of hrT are expressed in cardiovascular cells fromDrosophila to mouse, suggesting that the function of hrT is evolutionarily conserved. The role of hrT in cardiovascular development, however, has not thus far been determined in any animal model. Using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides, we show that zebrafish embryos lacking hrT function have dysmorphic hearts and an absence of blood circulation. Although the early events in heart formation were normal inhrT morphant embryos, subsequently the hearts failed to undergo looping, and late onset defects in chamber morphology and gene expression were observed. In particular, we found that the loss of hrT function led to a dramatic upregulation of tbx5, a gene required for normal heart morphogenesis. Conversely, we show that overexpression of hrT causes a significant downregulation of tbx5, indicating that one key role ofhrT is to regulate the levels of tbx5. Secondly, we found that HrT is required to inhibit the expression of the blood lineage markersgata1 and gata2 in the most posterior lateral plate mesoderm. Finally, we show that HrT is required for vasculogenesis in the trunk, leading to similar vascular defects to those observed in midline mutants such as floating head. hrT expression in the vascular progenitors depends upon midline mesoderm, indicating that this expression is one important component of the response to a midline-derived signal during vascular morphogenesis.

scholarly journals The Role of the Epicardium During Heart Development and Repair

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pearl Quijada ◽  
Michael A. Trembley ◽  
Eric M. Small
Keyword(s):  
Heart Development ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cardiac Injury ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Heart Repair ◽  
Heart Formation

The heart is lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells called the epicardium that provides important cellular contributions for embryonic heart formation. The epicardium harbors a population of progenitor cells that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition displaying characteristic conversion of planar epithelial cells into multipolar and invasive mesenchymal cells before differentiating into nonmyocyte cardiac lineages, such as vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts. The epicardium is also a source of paracrine cues that are essential for fetal cardiac growth, coronary vessel patterning, and regenerative heart repair. Although the epicardium becomes dormant after birth, cardiac injury reactivates developmental gene programs that stimulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; however, it is not clear how the epicardium contributes to disease progression or repair in the adult. In this review, we will summarize the molecular mechanisms that control epicardium-derived progenitor cell migration, and the functional contributions of the epicardium to heart formation and cardiomyopathy. Future perspectives will be presented to highlight emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at harnessing the regenerative potential of the fetal epicardium for cardiac repair.

The role of exogenous heart-RNA in development of the chick embryo cultivated in vitro

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
M. C. Niu ◽  
L. Mulherkar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chick Blastoderm ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Heart Formation

The physiological effect of fresh calf heart-RNA was studied on the explanted chick blastoderm at the definitive streak stage. It was found that heart-RNA interferes with normal development of the central nervous system, especially forebrain, and of the body axis, but not with normal development of the heart. To analyse this effect further, the untreated and RNA-treated fragments of the antero-lateral blastoderm were investigated by intrablastodermal transplant and in vitro. Approximately 50% of the treated grafts transplanted intrablastodermally developed into heart, but none of the controls. In vitro formation of the heart-like structure was found in 45% of the heart-RNA-treated series as opposed to 20% of the PC saline controls and none of the liver-RNA series. When theexplants of the presumptive forebrain were treated with heart-RNA and cultured in isolation in vitro, 11% developed into brain vesicle compared with 76% of the controls. It appears, therefore, that heart-RNA has somehow collaborated with the macromolecules responsible for heart formation but interfered with those responsible for the development of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Cardiac progenitors auto-regulate second heart field cell fate via Wnt secretion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Miyamoto ◽  
Suraj Kannan ◽  
Hideki Uosaki ◽  
Tejasvi Kakani ◽  
Sean Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Cardiac Marker ◽  
Cardiac Progenitors ◽  
Second Heart Field ◽  
Heart Field ◽  
Heart Formation

Proper heart formation requires coordinated development of two anatomically distinct groups of cells - the first and second heart fields (FHF and SHF). Given that congenital heart defects are often restricted to derivatives of the FHF or SHF, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms controlling their development. Wnt signaling has previously been implicated in SHF proliferation; however, the source of Wnts remains unknown. Through comparative gene analysis, we found upregulation of Wnts and Wnt receptor/target genes in the FHF and SHF, respectively, raising the possibility that early cardiac progenitors may secrete Wnts to influence SHF cell fate. To probe this further, we deleted Wntless (Wls), a gene required for Wnt ligand secretion, in various populations of precardiac cells. Deletion of Wls in Mesp1+ cells resulted in formation of a single chamber heart with left ventricle identity, implying compromised SHF development. This phenotype was recapitulated by deleting Wls in cells expressing Islet1, a pan-cardiac marker. Similarly, Wls deletion in cells expressing Nkx2.5, a later-expressed pan-cardiac marker, resulted in hypoplastic right ventricle, a structure derived from the SHF. However, no developmental defects were observed when deleting Wls in SHF progenitors. To gain mechanistic insights, we isolated Mesp1-lineage cells from developing embryos and performed single-cell RNA-sequencing. Our comprehensive single cell transcriptome analysis revealed that Wls deletion dysregulates developmental trajectories of both anterior and posterior SHF cells, marked by impaired proliferation and premature differentiation. Together, these results demonstrate a critical role of local precardiac mesodermal Wnts in SHF fate decision, providing fundamental insights into understanding heart field development and chamber formation.Significance StatementThere is significant interest in understanding the mechanisms underlying heart formation to develop treatments and cures for patients suffering from congenital heart disease. In particular, we were interested in the intricacies of first (FHF) and second heart field (SHF) development, as many congenital heart defects present with heart field-specific etiologies. Here, we uncovered a novel relationship between specified cardiac progenitor cells and second heart field progenitors. Through genetic manipulation of Wnt secretion in developing mouse embryos, we identified a population of cardiac progenitor cells that acts as a local source of Wnts which are necessary for proper SHF development. Our single cell transcriptomic analysis of developing anterior mesoderm showed cardiac progenitor-secreted Wnts function through regulation of differentiation and proliferation among SHF progenitors. Thus, this study provides insight into the source and timing of Wnts required for SHF development, and points to the crucial role of co-developing cell populations in heart development.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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