The role of exogenous heart-RNA in development of the chick embryo cultivated in vitro

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
M. C. Niu ◽  
L. Mulherkar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chick Blastoderm ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Heart Formation

The physiological effect of fresh calf heart-RNA was studied on the explanted chick blastoderm at the definitive streak stage. It was found that heart-RNA interferes with normal development of the central nervous system, especially forebrain, and of the body axis, but not with normal development of the heart. To analyse this effect further, the untreated and RNA-treated fragments of the antero-lateral blastoderm were investigated by intrablastodermal transplant and in vitro. Approximately 50% of the treated grafts transplanted intrablastodermally developed into heart, but none of the controls. In vitro formation of the heart-like structure was found in 45% of the heart-RNA-treated series as opposed to 20% of the PC saline controls and none of the liver-RNA series. When theexplants of the presumptive forebrain were treated with heart-RNA and cultured in isolation in vitro, 11% developed into brain vesicle compared with 76% of the controls. It appears, therefore, that heart-RNA has somehow collaborated with the macromolecules responsible for heart formation but interfered with those responsible for the development of the central nervous system.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals NGF, Brain and Behavioral Plasticity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Berry ◽  
Erika Bindocci ◽  
Enrico Alleva
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trophic Factor ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Psychosocial Stressor ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) was initially studied for its role as a key player in the regulation of peripheral innervations. However, the successive finding of its release in the bloodstream of male mice following aggressive encounters and its presence in the central nervous system led to the hypothesis that variations in brain NGF levels, caused by psychosocial stressor, and the related alterations in emotionality, could be functional to the development of proper strategies to cope with the stressor itself and thus to survive. Years later this vision is still relevant, and the body of evidence on the role of NGF has been strengthened and expanded from trophic factor playing a role in brain growth and differentiation to a much more complex messenger, involved in psychoneuroendocrine plasticity.

scholarly journals Oligodendrocyte Bioenergetics in Health and Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Rosko ◽  
Victoria N. Smith ◽  
Reiji Yamazaki ◽  
Jeffrey K. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Coupling ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

The human brain weighs approximately 2% of the body; however, it consumes about 20% of a person’s total energy intake. Cellular bioenergetics in the central nervous system involves a delicate balance between biochemical processes engaged in energy conversion and those responsible for respiration. Neurons have high energy demands, which rely on metabolic coupling with glia, such as with oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. It has been well established that astrocytes recycle and transport glutamine to neurons to make the essential neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, as well as shuttle lactate to support energy synthesis in neurons. However, the metabolic role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system is less clear. In this review, we discuss the energetic demands of oligodendrocytes in their survival and maturation, the impact of altered oligodendrocyte energetics on disease pathology, and the role of energetic metabolites, taurine, creatine, N-acetylaspartate, and biotin, in regulating oligodendrocyte function.

scholarly journals Targeting Smoothened as a New Frontier in the Functional Recovery of Central Nervous System Demyelinating Pathologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Del Giovane ◽  
Antonella Ragnini-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Myelin sheaths on vertebrate axons provide protection, vital support and increase the speed of neuronal signals. Myelin degeneration can be caused by viral, autoimmune or genetic diseases. Remyelination is a natural process that restores the myelin sheath and, consequently, neuronal function after a demyelination event, preventing neurodegeneration and thereby neuron functional loss. Pharmacological approaches to remyelination represent a promising new frontier in the therapy of human demyelination pathologies and might provide novel tools to improve adaptive myelination in aged individuals. Recent phenotypical screens have identified agonists of the atypical G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened and inhibitors of the glioma-associated oncogene 1 as being amongst the most potent stimulators of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation in vitro and remyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. Here, we discuss the current state-of-the-art of studies on the role of Sonic Hedgehog reactivation during remyelination, referring readers to other reviews for the role of Hedgehog signaling in cancer and stem cell maintenance.

scholarly journals Living Proof of Activity of Extracellular Vesicles in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7294
Author(s):  
Shadi Mahjoum ◽  
David Rufino-Ramos ◽  
Luís Pereira de Almeida ◽  
Marike L. D. Broekman ◽  
Xandra O. Breakefield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rna And Dna

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of a heterogeneous population of cells with highly specialized functions. For optimal functioning of the CNS, in disease and in health, intricate communication between these cells is vital. One important mechanism of cellular communication is the release and uptake of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane enclosed particles actively released by cells, containing a wide array of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. These EVs can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells, and influence a wide range of processes. Due to the complexity and relative inaccessibility of the CNS, our current understanding of the role of EVs is mainly derived in vitro work. However, recently new methods and techniques have opened the ability to study the role of EVs in the CNS in vivo. In this review, we discuss the current developments in our understanding of the role of EVs in the CNS in vivo.

SPECIAL ARTICLE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-286
Author(s):  
Harold K. Faber
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Viral Excretion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Initial Lesions

THE INVITATION with which you have honored me on this memorable occasion has given me a tempting opportunity to discuss certain problems with which my associates and I have been engaged for nearly a quarter of a century, and to correlate the results of some 25 separate studies on the various aspects of pathogenesis, published, mainly in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, during that time. Most of these have dealt with the beginnings and evolution of the disease up to the onset of paralysis, in search of answers to such questions as: How and where does the virus enter the body? Where do the initial lesions occur? What are the sources of viral excretion? How is viremia produced? By what routes is the central nervous system invaded? What is the explanation of silent infections? What are the defenses, natural and artificial, against the disease? And, finally, can a unitarian concept be sustained of the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis in terms of the relation between host and virus? Before discussing these questions, certain prefatory remarks are in order about the host-cell affinities of poliomyelitis virus. While it is interesting and in various ways very important that these can be radically altered in vitro by Enders' methods of tissue culture, and in vivo by pretreating animals with cortisone or ACTH, as shown by Schwartzmann and Aronson, nevertheless such results should be applied with the greatest caution to the pathogenesis of the human disease, in which cytopathic changes in such extraneural tissues as kidney, muscle, skin and testis, when they occur at all, are exceptional and not part of the characteristic pathologic picture.

Axial mesendoderm refines rostrocaudal pattern in the chick nervous system

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (13) ◽  
pp. 2921-2934 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Rowan ◽  
C.D. Stern ◽  
K.G. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Large Panel ◽  
The Central Nervous System

There has long been controversy concerning the role of the axial mesoderm in the induction and rostrocaudal patterning of the vertebrate nervous system. Here we investigate the neural inducing and regionalising properties of defined rostrocaudal regions of head process/prospective notochord in the chick embryo by juxtaposing these tissues with extraembryonic epiblast or neural plate explants. We localise neural inducing signals to the emerging head process and using a large panel of region-specific neural markers, show that different rostrocaudal levels of the head process derived from headfold stage embryos can induce discrete regions of the central nervous system. However, we also find that rostral and caudal head process do not induce expression of any of these molecular markers in explants of the neural plate. During normal development the head process emerges beneath previously induced neural plate, which we show has already acquired some rostrocaudal character. Our findings therefore indicate that discrete regions of axial mesendoderm at headfold stages are not normally responsible for the establishment of rostrocaudal pattern in the neural plate. Strikingly however, we do find that caudal head process inhibits expression of rostral genes in neural plate explants. These findings indicate that despite the ability to induce specific rostrocaudal regions of the CNS de novo, signals provided by the discrete regions of axial mesendoderm do not appear to establish regional differences, but rather refine the rostrocaudal character of overlying neuroepithelium.

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