Studies on the Relationship of Staphylococcus Aureus to Pseudomembranous Enteritis and to Postantibiotic Enteritis

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Dearing ◽  
Archie H. Baggenstoss ◽  
Lyle A. Weed
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomembranous Enteritis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Identification of different clonal complexes and diverse amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) associated with borderline oxacillin resistance in Canadian Staphylococcus aureus isolates

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1675-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeya Nadarajah ◽  
Mark J. S. Lee ◽  
Lisa Louie ◽  
Latha Jacob ◽  
Andrew E. Simor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Penicillin Binding Protein ◽  
Clonal Type ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Variation ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA) exhibit oxacillin MIC values of 1–8 μg ml−1, but lack mecA, which encodes the low-affinity penicillin-binding protein (PBP)2a. The relationship of the BORSA phenotype with specific genetic backgrounds was assessed, as well as amino acid sequence variation in the normal PBP2. Among 38 BORSA, 26 had a common PFGE profile of genomic DNA, and were multilocus sequence type (ST)25. The other isolates were genetically diverse. Complete pbp2 sequences were determined for three BORSA, corresponding to ST25, ST1 and ST47, which were selected on the basis of lacking blaZ-encoded β-lactamase. The essential transpeptidase-domain-encoding segment of pbp2 was also sequenced from seven additional ST25 isolates. Amino acid substitutions occurred in the transpeptidase domain of all BORSA, irrespective of clonal type. A Gln629→Pro substitution was common to all ST25 BORSA, but most could be distinguished from one another by additional unique substitutions in the transpeptidase domain. The ST1 and ST47 isolates also possessed unique substitutions in the transpeptidase domain. Plasmid-mediated expression of pbp2 from an ST25 or ST1 isolate in S. aureus RN6390 increased its oxacillin MIC from 0.25 to 4 μg ml−1, while pbp2 from a susceptible strain, ATCC 25923, had no effect. Therefore, different amino acid substitutions in PBP2 of diverse BORSA lineages contribute to borderline resistance. The predominant ST25 lineage was not related to any of the five clonal complexes that contain meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), suggesting that ST25 cannot readily acquire mecA-mediated resistance.

Analysis of the Relationship of Microbial Contamination with Temperature and Cleaning Frequency and Method of Domestic Refrigerators in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 1234-1240
Author(s):  
MIHO MORI ◽  
YOSHIKAZU SAKAGAMI ◽  
MEGUMI TANAKA ◽  
RYO INOUE ◽  
TORU JOJIMA
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Hygiene Management ◽  
Bottom Shelf ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Poisoning Prevention

ABSTRACT Hygiene management of domestic refrigerators is an important aspect of food poisoning prevention. The aim of the present study was to confirm the relationship between microbial contamination and hygiene management by measuring microbial levels and investigating temperature and cleaning frequency and method of domestic refrigerators in Japan. We analyzed three internal sections (the egg compartment, bottom shelf, and vegetable drawer) of 100 domestic refrigerators in Japan. Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica were not found in any of the refrigerators, but coliforms and Escherichia coli were detected in more than one household, and Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated pathogen. The prevalences of these microorganisms had similar tendencies in all three sections sampled and were highest in the vegetable drawer. The temperature distribution in the refrigerators was also investigated, and a temperature >6.1°C (improper temperature) was found in 46.2% of the areas surveyed. Only 17% of the respondents cleaned their refrigerators monthly or more often, and this frequency was lower than that reported in other countries. Fifty percent of the respondents used only water to clean the refrigerator, 10% used only an alcohol or disinfecting wipe, and 8% used only a dry cloth. Although no significant correlations were found between microbial contamination and temperatures in refrigerators, correlations were found between microbial contamination and refrigerator cleaning frequency and/or method. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed survey concerning relationships between microbial contamination and hygiene management in domestic refrigerators in Japan. The data obtained can be used to promote food poisoning management in Japanese households. HIGHLIGHTS

The relationship of pathogenic coagulase-negative staphylococci to Staphylococcus aureus

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 879-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet B. H. Smith ◽  
Hannah Farkas-Himsley
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Endogenous Respiration ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
Single Character ◽  
Group Sharing ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Coagulase-negative pathogenic staphylococci were studied physiologically and serologically to determine their relationship to Staphylococcus aureus. When 46 characters were studied and tallied, the 21 coagulase-negative pathogenic strains made up a heterogeneous intermediate group sharing not all the characters of S. aureus but appreciably more than S. epidermidis. Some characters among the coagulase-negative pathogens indicating a relationship to S. aureus were serotyping, lysostaphin sensitivity, growth rates, and endogenous respiration. Seventy-one percent of the coagulase-negative pathogenic strains were resistant to penicillin; of these, 80% were multiple antibiotic resistant.From these results it would appear that the genus Staphylococcus cannot be divided satisfactorily into demarcated species but that strains within this genus form a continuous spectrum between the two presently recognizable extremes with new subtypes evolving as characters are lost. If a species must be designated under the existing system of classification, a strain producing coagulase can be called S. aureus. However, coagulase-negative pathogenic strains cannot be classified with accuracy as S. epidermidis on the basis of the absence of this single character, coagulase.

Declining prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in children: implications for treatment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Weiss ◽  
Amanda Lansell ◽  
Janet Figueroa ◽  
Parminder Suchdev ◽  
Anjali Kirpalani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Septic Arthritis ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Regimen ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Lengths Of Stay ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract OBJECTIVES To assess clinical characteristics and differences in outcomes between children with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) osteomyelitis or septic arthritis and whether initial antibiotic regimen affects patient outcomes.STUDY DESIGN We analyzed records of children ages 15 days to 18 years admitted between 2009 and 2016 to two tertiary children’s hospitals who were diagnosed with an osteoarticular infection and had a microorganism identified. We compared the relationship of MRSA versus MSSA and initial antibiotic selection on patient outcomes including length of hospitalization and requiring a PICU transfer.RESULTS A total of 584 patients met inclusion criteria of which 365 (62.5%) had a microbiological diagnosis. MSSA was the most common pathogen identified (45.5%) followed by MRSA (31.2%). The percentage of MRSA cases decreased by 25.4% between 2009 and 2016, whereas MSSA infections increased by 18.6%. Compared to MSSA, patients with MRSA had a higher initial C-reactive protein (median 17.3 mg/dL vs 7.8 mg/dL, p<0.05) and a longer hospitalization (median 8.3 days vs 6.1 days, p<0.05). Patients whose initial antibiotic regimens included vancomycin were more likely to require a PICU transfer (15.0% vs 2.2%, p<0.05) and had a longer hospitalization (median 6.7 days vs 5.5 days, p<0.05) compared to those initiated on clindamycin without vancomycin.CONCLUSIONS While MRSA was associated with increased severity of osteoarticular infections compared to MSSA, the incidence of MRSA has been declining at our institution. Patients with longer lengths of stay and those requiring a PICU transfer were more likely to be on vancomycin. Clindamycin should be considered in the initial antibiotic regimen for osteomyelitis and septic arthritis with ongoing surveillance of local microbiology and outcomes.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP OF SULFAPYRIDINE, NICOTINIC ACID, AND COENZYMES TO THE GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

1940 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph West ◽  
Alvin F. Coburn
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Normal Metabolism ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Our studies indicate that sulfapyridine modifies the normal metabolism of a bacterium. Coenzymes inhibit the effect of sulfapyridine on the growth of staphylococcus in Knight's medium. Nicotinic acid does not interfere with the action of sulfapyridine under the same conditions. The possible relation of sulfapyridine, nicotinic acid, and coenzymes in relation to bacterial growth is discussed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Studies on Leukemogenic and Sarcomagenic Viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Leon Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.

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