Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Poultry Farmers on Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Farm Hygiene Management in Bangladesh

The poultry farming is considered one of the hotspots for the use of antimicrobials. The knowledge, attitude and practices of poultry farmers are closely associated with the prudent use of antimicrobials in poultry farm practices. A cross sectional study was conducted among seventy-four commercial poultry farms using a pretested structured questionnaire survey to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of the poultry farmers regarding antimicrobial use, resistance and farm hygiene management. According to demographics, more farmers were secondary holders (29.72%), followed by higher secondary (22.97%) and illiterate (12.16%) with least number (13.51%) had training on antibiotics but no one had training on AMR. Farmers had sufficient knowledge about antibiotics (86.49%) but inadequate knowledge about antimicrobials (14.86%), AMR (51.35%), and animal and fish feed act (20.27%). The majority of farmers strongly agreed that AMR had a negative impact on production (40.54%), human health (36.49%), environment (33.78%) and economy (52.7%). Farm hygiene management revealed that most of them (90.54%) thrown the expired and leftover antibiotics in the open environments. Furthermore, the farm litter was managed diversely with 39.19% kept in open pit; 33.78% used in fish farm and 5.41% used for agricultural land. It was observed that the dead birds were disposed in a variety of ways, buried into ground (58.10%), thrown into field (9.45%), thrown into bush (6.75%), thrown into garbage (9.45%) and thrown in the water (13.51%). A significant higher association was found between the level of education and knowledge; level of education with farm practices such as choice of antibiotics, determining doses and duration of antibiotics, disposal of farm wastages, disposal of dead birds, farm biosecurity and vaccination coverage (p<0.05). Continuous education, hands-on training, awareness, and motivation of farmers along with good biosecurity, mass vaccination and proper hygienic measures can minimize the uses of antimicrobials in farm operations.

Menstrual hygiene practice among adolescent girls in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Adolescent girls face several challenges relating to menstruation and its proper management. Lack of adequate sanitary products, inadequate water supply, and privacy for changing sanitary pads continue to leave adolescent girls with limited options for safe and proper menstrual hygiene in many low-income settings, including Ethiopia. These situations are also compounded by societal myths, stigmas surrounding menstruation, and discriminatory social norms. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled proportion of safe menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in Ethiopia using the available studies. Methods We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journal Online (AJOL), Hinari, Science Direct, ProQuest, Direct of Open Access Journals, POPLINE, and Cochrane Library database inception to May 31, 2021. Studies reporting the proportion of menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in Ethiopia were considered. The Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 tests were used to assess the heterogeneity of the included studies. Since the included studies revealed considerable heterogeneity, a random effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled proportion of menstrual hygiene management (MHM). Results Of 1,045 identified articles, 22 studies were eligible for analysis (n = 12,330 participants). The pooled proportion (PP) of safe MHM in Ethiopia was 52.69% (95%CI: 44.16, 61.22). The use of commercial menstrual absorbents was common 64.63% (95%CI: 55.32, 73.93, I2 99.2%) followed by homemade cloth 53.03% (95%CI: 22.29, 83.77, I2 99.2%). Disposal of absorbent material into the latrine was the most common practice in Ethiopia 62.18% (95%CI: 52.87, 71.49, I2 98.7%). One in four girls reported missing one or more school days during menstruation (PP: 32.03%, 95%CI: 22.65%, 41.40%, I2 98.2%). Conclusion This study revealed that only half of the adolescent girls in Ethiopia had safe MHM practices. To ensure that girls in Ethiopia can manage menstruation hygienically and with dignity, strong gender-specific water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities along with strong awareness creation activities at every level are needed.

Adolescent Movement Cares About Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM)

Lack of knowledge about The Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) and poor water sanitation is a problem in adolescents in Indonesia. This community service activity aims to increase students' knowledge and awareness about MHM. This community service was carried out in October 2019 at SD Muhammadiyah Karangkajen I and SD Muhammadiyah Karangkajen II followed by 25 students from grades IV, V and V. The design of this activity is the provision of training on MKM by providing training modules and applying several learning methods including lectures, discussions, and simulations that begin with pretest and end postest. The results showed there was a difference in the average value of knowledge of students to MKM and statistically significant p<0.05. It is expected that students can do MHM appropriately and provide the right information to friends. Teachers are expected to play an active role in providing information about reproductive health so that students get accurate information

Evaluation of the Effect of PDCA in Hospital Health Management

PDCA plays a very important role in the hygienic management of hospital operating rooms. Before the PDCA management from February 2018 to February 2019, routine hygiene management in the operating room was adopted; after the PDCA management from February 2018 to February 2019, PDCA cycle management was adopted. 500 surgical patients were randomly selected from both groups. We compare the quality control checklist scores of hand hygiene management, environmental hygiene management, medical waste management, and disinfection and isolation management in the routine group and the PDCA group. We also compared the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in surgical incisions of the routine group and the PDCA group and the infection rate of various surgical incisions, air samples, surface samples, disinfectants, and sterilization rates of sterile items. The PDCA group’s hand hygiene management score, environmental hygiene management score, medical waste management score, and disinfection and isolation management score were higher than those in the conventional group ( P < 0.05 ). The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in the PDCA group, the infection rate of type I, type II, and type III incisions, and the total infection rate of surgical incisions were lower than those in the conventional group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ). The qualified rate of air samples and surface samples in the PDCA group was higher than that in the conventional group ( P < 0.05 ), and the difference in the qualified rate of disinfectants and sterile items between the two groups was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05 ). The hygiene management of the operating room adopts PDCA sustainable improvement management measures to effectively increase the qualification rate of disinfection and sterilization, reduce the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria and infection rate of surgical incisions, and strengthen the management quality of hand hygiene, environmental hygiene, medical waste, and disinfection and isolation.

Menstrual Hygiene Management Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria’s Epicentre: The Reality of Girls and Women in a Low-Income Community

Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) is typically a constant reality for post menarche and premenopausal females globally. However, unlike other natural routine physiological experiences, a healthy monthly MHM comes with considerable financial implications. Hence, this study examines the financial ability of girls and women in a Nigerian low-income community to access materials needed for MHM monthly. The possible implication of the COVID-19 pandemic was also considered. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 130 respondents selected via systematic-random sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The respondents’ age ranged between 14 to 40 years, while 82.3% worked informal jobs. Half of the respondents reported they were unable to purchase sanitary pads and other items required for monthly MHM. Over 65% of the respondents revealed they suffered anxiety thinking about the financial burden associated with monthly MHM, while about one-third of the respondents were more financially capable before the pandemic. Common alternatives to sanitary pads used were tissue paper, cloth napkins, old sanitary towels, and newspapers. Moreover, 64% of the respondents reported had at least a form of vaginal/urinary tract infection in the past 3 months. The results clearly show that period poverty remains a barrier to achieving gender equality. The fact that 1 out of every 2 females in the study area reportedly suffered period poverty shows the dire need for socio-economic interventions. Local and State Governments must consider subsidizing products required for MHM to improve and maintain the health of girls and women in low-income communities.

Menstrual Hygiene Management Practices for Adolescent Girls among Public Secondary Schools in Kibondo District, Tanzania

The study aimed at examining menstrual hygiene management practices among adolescent girls in public secondary schools in Kibondo District. The study used the mixed research approach with the convergent parallel design. The study was comprised of the sample size of 99 respondents from four out of 17 schools, including ten parents, 12 female teachers, 68 students, 4 matrons, 4 Heads of schools and 1 District Education Officer. Data collection was done through semi-structured interview, focus group discussion and questionnaire. Qualitative data analysis was done through content analysis while quantitative data were analyzed descriptively with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 and presented in tables through percentages, and frequencies. The study discovered that there are problems in MHM practices among public secondary schools under investigation. There were shortages of menstrual hygiene management practice facilities such as toilets and private areas to change absorbent pads, disposable mechanisms and water. The study recommended that adolescent girls should be provided with sanitary pads and education. There is need to improve MHM facilities such as water, disposable mechanisms and private rooms for changing absorbent materials for effective management of menstrual periods. Menstrual hygiene management topics should be integrated into the syllabi in order to increase awareness on MHM to adolescent girls. Teachers and health workers should closely provide guidance and health talks to adolescent girls, advising them on how to manage their menstrual-related illness effectively for their good performance in school.