The errors in surface runoff prediction by neglecting the relationship between infiltration rate and overland flow depth

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 243-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rony Wallach ◽  
Galina Grigorin ◽  
Judith Rivlin (Byk)
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Runoff Prediction ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals INFLUÊNCIA DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS AMBIENTAIS E DOS INFLUÊNCIA DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS AMBIENTAIS E DOS ATRIBUTOS DO SOLO NA INFILTRAÇÃO DA ÁGUA EM ÁREA URBANAATRIBUTOS DO SOLO NA INFILTRAÇÃO DA ÁGUA EM ÁREA URBANA

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1038
Author(s):  
Jéssyca Stanieski de SOUZA ◽  
Isabel Kaufmann de ALMEIDA ◽  
Glauber Altrão CARVALHO ◽  
Teodorico ALVES SOBRINHO ◽  
Cláudia Gonçalves Vianna BACCHI
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Flow Simulator ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the influence of the environmental characteristics and soil properties on the soil infiltration rate in urban permeable area. The experiments were conducted at nine sampling points located in the urban perimeter of Campo Grande, capital city of Mato Grosso do Sul State, in the Brazilian Midwest. The infiltration rates were determined using a portable integrated rainfall and overland flow simulator. Each experiment was repeated three times, and a total of twenty-seven plots were collected. At the same time, environmental characteristics and soil physical properties, that may affect infiltration rate, were also evaluated. The relationship between the infiltration rate, the environmental plot characteristics and the soil physical properties was verified using a linear correlation matrix.

scholarly journals Effect of Slope on Infiltration Capacity and Erosion of Mount Merapi Slope Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 1000 (1000) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Pamudji Rahardjo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Slope Steepness ◽  
Balance Principle ◽  
Exponential Equations ◽  
The Relationship

 Infiltration which occurs on slope has a specific behavior that can be parameterized. One of the reasons is because the slope generates less ponding on the sloping soil surface. This condition affects infiltration rate and surface runoff proportion of water from any kind of rainfall distribution in time. Since surface runoff tends to be higher, erosion rate is also to be higher on slope. The slope steepness is the most important parameter of a slope. In this study, the effect of slope steepness on infiltration capacity and erosion rate of Mount Merapi bare slope material were tested in a laboratory using rainfall simulator. Three values of slope steepness of 36%, 47%, and 58% were used. The rainfall intensity was set constant and was found has rate of 116,312 mm/hour. The infiltration rate was measured by volumetric balance principle and the erosion rates were measured by collecting the eroded grains at the downstream end tank. Infiltration rate was evaluated by using Horton method and the average erosion were analyzed from the eroded grain data for each test. After fitting the recorded infiltration rate data to the Horton equation, the infiltration capacity was obtained. The results were the relationship between slope steepness and the affected the infiltration capacity and erosion for each test. Infiltration capacity is found to increase and the decrease with the increase of slope steepness while erosion rate is found to increase on the steeper slope. The increase of erosion range is between 15% to 33% for each 1o increase of slope steepness. In addition, polynomial and exponential equations were developed to express the relationship between slope steepness and infiltration capacity and also the erosion rate.

scholarly journals Topography Impacts Hydrology in the Sub-Humid Ethiopian Highlands

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Demesew A. Mhiret ◽  
Minychl G. Dersseh ◽  
Christian D. Guzman ◽  
Dessalegn C. Dagnew ◽  
Wubneh B. Abebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Watershed Hydrology ◽  
Ethiopian Highlands ◽  
Topographic Position ◽  
Tropical Highlands ◽  
Average Water ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding the relationship between topography, hydrological processes, and runoff source areas is essential in engineering design, such as predicting floods and implementing effective watershed management practices. This relationship is not well defined in the highlands with a monsoon climate and needs further study. The objective of this study is to relate topographic position and hydrological response in tropical highlands. The research was conducted in the Debre Mawi watershed in the northwest sub-humid Ethiopian highlands. In the monsoon rain phase of 2017 and 2018, groundwater depth, infiltration rate, and surface runoff were monitored at the upslope, midslope, and downslope positions. Surface runoff rates were measured in farmer fields through distributed V-notch weirs as estimates of positional runoff. Average water table depths were 30 cm deep in the downslope regions and 95 cm in the upslope position. The water table depth affected the steady-state infiltration rate in the rain phase. It was high upslope (350 mm h−1), low midslope (49 mm h−1), and zero downslope. In 2017, the average runoff coefficients were 0.29 for the upslope and midslope and 0.73 downslope. Thus, topographic position affects all aspects of the watershed hydrology in the humid highlands and is critical in determining runoff response.

scholarly journals Issues and Application of Linearized Models in Geomorphic Properties of the Ikpa Watershed, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Umo, Ikpong Sunday ◽  
M. C. Ike ◽  
Ojinma, C. Chux
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Topographic Attributes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

Though more geomorphological researches are being conducted and previous ideas are being reviewed among geographers and earth scientists, only limited attempts are focused on coupling the relationships among geomorphic attributes on the watersheds in the Humid Tropics. These invariably induced new trends and research directions at diverging scales. This paper is guided by three specific objectives: (1) to employ the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) in deriving the morphologic attributes of the Ikpa Watershed (11) to assess the association and effect of discharge on basin texture, infiltration rate, length of overland flow, and rainfall amount in the Ikpa Watershed, Akwa Ibom State. (111) To describe the relationship between discharge, rainfall amount, and morphologic attributes of the Ikpa Watershed. The watershed was stratified into six sub-basins and data (rainfall and discharge) systematically generated for three months each during the dry and rainy seasons; while the topographic attributes were generated indirectly using SRTM, backup with the four topographic maps. The analysis using multiple linear regression yielded a coefficient of 0.986. Also, the R square value of 0.859 implied that 85.9 percent of the proportion of variation in discharge amount of the Ikpa watershed is accounted for by the four independent variables. A comparison of the computed ANOVA result of 8.469 with the Table value of 7.7086 implied that variation in mean discharge is attributed to the significant effect of basin texture, infiltration rate, length overland flow, and rainfall amount in the Ikpa watershed. The results of the curve estimate for linear, logarithmic, and quadratic equations suggested normal predictive ability and each significant at 0.05 confidence level. This study concluded that the dominances of gully erosion at the upstream and peak-flood discharge at the middle and downstream areas of the watershed are directly influenced by the rainfall events and morphology of the landform.   

Modelling of Solute Transfer to Surface Runoff

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1851-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Lai ◽  
K. S. L. Lo
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Mixing Depth ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Solute Transfer ◽  
The Media

A mixing-based model for describing solute transfer to overland flow was developed. This model included a time-dependent mixing depth of the top layer and a complete-mixed surface runoff zone. In a series of laboratory experiments, runoff was passed at various velocities and depths over a medium bed. The media were saturated with uniform concentration of potassium chloride solution. Runoff water was sampled at the beginning and end of the flume and the potassium chloride concentration analyzed. Using this model, dimensionless ultimate mixing depth and dimensionless change rate of mixing depth from experimental data were investigated and implemented. The results showed that the Reynolds number and relative roughness are two important factors.

scholarly journals Overland Flow Resistance Law under Sparse Stem Vegetation Coverage

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1657
Author(s):  
Jingzhou Zhang ◽  
Shengtang Zhang ◽  
Si Chen ◽  
Ming Liu ◽  
Xuefeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Hydraulic Parameters ◽  
Slope Condition ◽  
Manning Roughness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Manning Roughness Coefficient

To explore the characteristics of overland flow resistance under the condition of sparse vegetative stem coverage and improve the basic theoretical research of overland flow, the resistance characteristics of overland flow were systematically investigated under four slope gradients (S), seven flow discharges (Q), and six degrees of vegetation coverage (Cr). The results show that the Manning roughness coefficient (n) changes with the ratio of water depth to vegetation height (h/hv) while the Reynolds number (Re), Froude number (Fr), and slope (S) are closely related to vegetation coverage. Meanwhile, h/hv, Re, and Cr have strong positive correlations with n, while Fr and S have strong negative correlations with n. Through data regression analysis, a power function relationship between n and hydraulic parameters was observed and sensitivity analysis was performed. It was concluded that the relationship between n and h/hv, Re, Cr, Q, and S shows the same law; in particular, for sparse stem vegetation coverage, Cr is the dominant factor affecting overland flow resistance under zero slope condition, while Cr is no longer the first dominant factor affecting overland flow resistance under non-zero slope condition. In the relationship between n and Fr, Cr has the least effect on overland flow resistance. This indicates that when Manning roughness coefficient is correlated with different hydraulic parameters, the same vegetation coverage has different effects on overland flow resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to study overland flow resistance under the condition of sparse stalk vegetation coverage.

Geo-informatics based Morphometric Analysis of a Reservoir Catchment in Shivalik Foothills of North-West India

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (03) ◽  
pp. 286-299
Author(s):  
Mahesh Chand Singh ◽  
Rohit Singh ◽  
Abrar Yousuf ◽  
Vishnu Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Elongation Ratio ◽  
Alos Palsar ◽  
Bifurcation Ratio ◽  
Runoff Potential ◽  
Drainage Texture

The present study examined 35 morphometric parameters related to stream/drainage network, catchment geometry, and relief aspects for hydrological characterization of the Thana Dam catchment using geospatial tools and techniques. The dam catchment was delineated using the high-resolution Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS PALSAR) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data in ArcGIS 10.4.1 software using the Arc Hydro tools. The catchment is comprised of 4th order stream, obtained using a stream threshold value of 100 m length. The lower values of elongation ratio (0.61), circularity ratio (0.22), and form factor (0.29) indicated higher soil erosion potential, mainly due to their inverse relationship with land erodibility. Moreover, the higher values of stream frequency (15.7), drainage density (>5.0), drainage texture (7.48 km-1), and mean bifurcation ratio (4.08-6.33) indicated higher runoff potential, which would intensify the soil erosion, mainly due to their direct relationship with erodibility. Bifurcation ratio, elongation ratio, circulatory ratio, form factor, altogether indicated an elongated shape of the catchment with a fine drainage texture. The higher values of bifurcation ratio and texture ratio of the catchment also indicated severe overland flow (low infiltration rate) with a limited scope for groundwater recharge in the area, which in turn might significantly encourage the soil erosion. Overall, it was concluded that the catchment has a huge runoff potential resulting in high soil erosion due to its fine texture, impermeable subsurface material, steep slope, low infiltration rate, limited vegetation, longer duration of overland flow, and higher surface runoff. The morphometric analysis was found to be suitable for identifying catchment shape and the factors affecting hydrologic conditions and erodibility of the catchment. Thus, Geo-informatics based morphometric analysis of a reservoir catchment can be useful to study the erosion potential in relation to hydrologic (rainfall-runoff relationship) and other related land characteristics (e.g., relief, slope, infiltration rate, etc.).

Application of a flow-measurement structure for sediment-laden streams

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1539-1543
Author(s):  
Mustafa Göğüş ◽  
A. Cüneyt Gerek ◽  
A. Burcu Altan-Sakarya
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Natural Streams ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Sediment ◽  
Single Relation

Generally, measurement of flow in natural streams is accomplished by measuring the flow depth. Hence, the relationship between the water level and discharge should be obtained in advance. However, in streams with high sediment load, the bottom level may change due to sediment deposition, preventing the single relation between water level and discharge. This paper summarizes the application of a flow-measurement structure for sediment-laden streams. The proposed structure is designed and built in Turkey and has been under operation since 1998 without any sedimentation problem. The agreement between the real data obtained from the structure and the theoretical rating curve is quite reasonable.

A hysteretic model for rainfall-runoff of a simplifed catchment 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Flynn ◽  
Warren Roche
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Nonlinear Phenomenon ◽  
Hysteretic Model ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
History Of ◽  
Preisach Operator ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model

<div>The soil can be modelled as a porous medium in which the three phases of matter coexist and produce the emergent phenomenon of hysteresis.</div><div>Rate-independent hysteresis is a nonlinear phenomenon where the output depends not only on the current input but also the previous history of inputs to the system. In multiphase porous media such as soils, the hysteresis is in the relationship between the soil-moisture content, and the capillary pressure.</div><div>In this work, we develop a simplified hysteretic rainfall-runoff model consisting of the following subsystems that capture much of the physics of flow through a slab of soil:</div><div>1) A slab of soil where rainfall enters and if enough water is present in the soil, it will subsequently drain into the groundwater reservoir. This part of the model is represent by ODE with a Preisach operator.</div><div>2) A runoff component: If the rainfall exceeds the maximum infiltration rate of the soil, the excess will become surface runoff. This part of the model is represented by a series of two hysteretic reservoirs instead of the two linear reservoirs in the literature.</div><div>3) A ground water storage and outflow subsystem component: this is also modelled by a hysteretic reservoir. Finally, the outputs from the groundwater output and the overland flow are combined to give the total runoff. We will examine this model and compare it with non-hysteretic case both qualitatively and quantitively.</div>

Sediment behaviour in grass filter strips

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Deletic
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Trapping Efficiency ◽  
Artificial Turf ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Natural Grass ◽  
Natural Turf ◽  
Sediment Types ◽  
Grass Filter Strips ◽  
The Relationship

Sediment transport was studied in non-submerged overland flow over grass in a laboratory. Artificial turf (astro-turf) was used to simulate natural grass and no infiltration was allowed at this stage of the investigation. Experiments were conducted for different grass densities, flow rates, sediments inflows, and sediment types. It was observed that concentration of sediment in runoff decreases exponentially with the distance and reaches asymptotically a constant value. Measured sediment deposition was compered with the results calculated by the Kentucky model (tollner et al., 1976). The model over-predicted grossly the trapping efficiency of all particle fractions, but it is unreliable particularly for small particles. A new simplified relationship was established between particle fall number, Nf, and percentage of particles trapped in the grass. The relationship should be verified on natural grass before it is used in practice. Finally, infiltration of water and particles should be studied on natural turf, as well as, influence of grass blades bending, before the complex model of sediment behaviour in grass is established.

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