Coverage Rates Are Higher With Combo Vaccines

ObjectivesTo evaluate the quality and coverage of the campaign to distribute oral cholera vaccine (OCV) during a cholera outbreak in Hoima, Uganda to guide future campaigns of cholera vaccine.DesignSurvey of communities targeted for vaccination to determine vaccine coverage rates and perceptions of the vaccination campaign, and a separate survey of vaccine staff who carried out the campaign.SettingHoima district, Uganda.ParticipantsRepresentative clusters of households residing in the communities targeted for vaccination and staff members who conducted the vaccine campaign.ResultsAmong 209 households (1274 individuals) included in the coverage survey, 1193 (94%; 95% CI 92% to 95%) reported receiving at least one OCV dose and 998 (78%; 95% CI 76% to 81%) reported receiving two doses. Among vaccinated individuals, minor complaints were reported by 71 persons (5.6%). Individuals with ‘some’ education (primary school or above) were more knowledgeable regarding the required OCV doses compared with non-educated (p=0.03). Factors negatively associated with campaign implementation included community sensitisation time, staff payment and problems with field transport. Although the campaign was carried out quickly, the outbreak was over before the campaign started. Most staff involved in the campaign (93%) were knowledgeable about cholera control; however, 29% did not clearly understand how to detect and manage adverse events following immunisation.ConclusionThe campaign achieved high OCV coverage, but the surveys provided insights for improvement. To achieve high vaccine coverage, more effort is needed for community sensitisation, and additional resources for staff transportation and timely payment for campaign staff is required. Pretest and post-test assessment of staff training can identify and address knowledge and skill gaps.

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Racial Differences in Incident Genitourinary Cancer Cases Captured in the National Cancer Database

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57070671 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 671

Author(s):

Dylan T. Wolff ◽

Thomas F. Monaghan ◽

Danielle J. Gordon ◽

Kyle P. Michelson ◽

Tashzna Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

United States ◽

Bladder Cancer ◽

Kidney Cancer ◽

The United States ◽

Coverage Rate ◽

National Cancer Database ◽

Genitourinary Cancer ◽

Coverage Rates ◽

Capture Rates

Background and Objectives: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) captures nearly 70% of all new cancer diagnoses in the United States, but there exists significant variation in this capture rate based on primary tumor location and other patient demographic factors. Prostate cancer has the lowest coverage rate of all major cancers, and other genitourinary malignancies likewise fall below the average NCDB case coverage rate. We aimed to explore NCDB coverage rates for patients with genitourinary cancers as a function of race. Materials and Methods: We compared the incidence of cancer cases in the NCDB with contemporary United States Cancer Statistics data. Results: Across all malignancies, American Indian/Alaskan Natives subjects demonstrated the lowest capture rates, and Asian/Pacific Islander subjects exhibited the second-lowest capture rates. Between White and Black subjects, capture rates were significantly higher for White subjects overall and for prostate cancer and kidney cancer in White males, but significantly higher for bladder cancer in Black versus White females. No significant differences were observed in coverage rates for kidney cancer in females, bladder cancer in males, penile cancer, or testicular cancer in White versus Black patients. Conclusions: Differential access to Commission on Cancer-accredited treatment facilities for racial minorities with genitourinary cancer constitutes a unique avenue for health equity research.

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87. Impact of State of Residence on Adult Vaccination Uptake: A Multilevel Modeling Approach

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.397 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S175-S175

Author(s):

Shannon Hunter ◽

Diana Garbinsky ◽

Elizabeth M La ◽

Sara Poston ◽

Cosmina Hogea

Keyword(s):

Multilevel Modeling ◽

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Multilevel Models ◽

State Level ◽

Childhood Vaccination ◽

Material Support ◽

Adult Vaccination ◽

Direct Compensation ◽

Cluster Variation ◽

Coverage Rates

Abstract Background Previous studies on adult vaccination coverage found inter-state variability that persists after adjusting for individual demographic factors. Assessing the impact of state-level factors may help improve uptake strategies. This study aimed to: • Update previous estimates of state-level, model-adjusted coverage rates for influenza; pneumococcal; tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap); and herpes zoster (HZ) vaccines (individually and in compliance with all age-appropriate recommended vaccinations) • Evaluate effects of individual and state-level factors on adult vaccination coverage using a multilevel modeling framework. Methods Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey data (2015–2017) were retrospectively analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated state vaccination coverage and compliance using predicted marginal proportions. BRFSS data were then combined with external state-level data to estimate multilevel models evaluating effects of state-level factors on coverage. Weighted odds ratios and measures of cluster variation were estimated. Results Adult vaccination coverage and compliance varied by state, even after adjusting for individual characteristics, with coverage ranging as follows: • Influenza (2017): 35.1–48.1% • Pneumococcal (2017): 68.2–80.8% • Tdap (2016): 21.9–46.5% • HZ (2017): 30.5–50.9% Few state-level variables were retained in final multilevel models, and measures of cluster variation suggested substantial residual variation unexplained by individual and state-level variables. Key state-level variables positively associated with vaccination included health insurance coverage rates (influenza/HZ), pharmacists’ vaccination authority (HZ), presence of childhood vaccination exemptions (pneumococcal/Tdap), and adult immunization information system participation (Tdap/HZ). Conclusion Adult vaccination coverage and compliance continue to show substantial variation by state even after adjusting for individual and state-level characteristics associated with vaccination. Further research is needed to assess additional state or local factors impacting vaccination disparities. Funding GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA (study identifier: HO-18-19794) Disclosures Shannon Hunter, MS, GSK (Other Financial or Material Support, Ms. Hunter is an employee of RTI Health Solutions, who received consultancy fees from GSK for conduct of the study. Ms. Hunter received no direct compensation from the Sponsor.) Diana Garbinsky, MS, GSK (Other Financial or Material Support, The study was conducted by RTI Health Solutions, which received consultancy fees from GSK. I am a salaried employee at RTI Health Solutions and received no direct compensation from GSK for the conduct of this study..) Elizabeth M. La, PhD, RTI Health Solutions (Employee) Sara Poston, PharmD, The GlaxoSmithKline group of companies (Employee, Shareholder) Cosmina Hogea, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee, Shareholder)

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Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards vaccination: a survey of university students in Europe

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1404 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

A Callegaro ◽

L Chinenye Ilogu ◽

O Lugovska ◽

S Mazzilli ◽

A Prugnola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Medical Students ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Online Survey ◽

Educational Interventions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Level ◽

Coverage Rates ◽

The University ◽

Vaccination Knowledge

Abstract Background Immunisation programs are still facing substantial challenges in achieving target coverage rates. This has been attributed to the growing negative individual vaccination attitudes and behaviours. Most of the current studies assessing vaccination knowledge, attitude and beliefs targets adults. However, young people represent future parents and health care professionals. The objective of this study was to investigate vaccination knowledge attitudes and behaviours among university medical and non-medical students in Europe. Methods We performed a cross-sectional online survey between April and July 2018. The study participants were students attending different faculties at the University of Antwerp, Belgium and the University of Pisa, Italy. We described sample characteristics. The effect of risk factors was tested with univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Results A total of 2079 participants completed the survey including 873 medical students and 1206 from other faculties. The average of vaccination knowledge, attitudes, and confidence was respectively 5.51 (SD: 1.41), 4.66 (SD: 0.14) and 5.28 (SD: 0.57) on the 6-points scale. Our respondents demonstrated a high level of awareness with respect to their vaccination history. In total, 67.7% (n = 1407) reported to have received at least one vaccine in the previous five years; only 6.0% (n = 35) did not receive any vaccine in the previous 10 years. According to logistic regression analysis Italian students had significantly higher knowledge, attitude and confidence scores than Belgium respondents. Students of medicine scored significantly higher compared to non-medical students. Conclusions In order to reduce the gaps in vaccinations knowledge between non-medical and medical students we should plan educational interventions. In this way the number of future sceptical parents could be decreased. Further studies are required to explain the differences between countries. Key messages Young adults are the parents and the health care professionals of the future, for this reason their vaccination knowledge attitudes and behaviours should be carefully monitored. European non-medical students have lower vaccinations knowledge, attitudes and confidence compared with medical student. In order to fill these gaps, we should plan educational interventions.

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Is obligation the proper policy to increase immunization coverage? A comparison of 16 OECD countries

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1408 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

R Thomas ◽

L Charrier ◽

M Bo ◽

C M Zotti

Keyword(s):

Action Plan ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Oecd Countries ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Compulsory Vaccination ◽

Measles Vaccination ◽

Global Estimates ◽

Coverage Rates ◽

Mandatory Vaccination ◽

Short Time

Abstract Issue Globally, between 2016 and 2018, low vaccination coverage rates led to an increase of measles cases and related deaths. The WHO European Region reported a total of 83540 measles cases and 74 deaths in 2018, versus the 5273 cases and 13 deaths in 2016, with WHO global estimates reporting 333445 cases. In order to contrast these outbreaks, the European Vaccine Action Plan 2015-2020 states that the ideal immunization coverage for measles must be 95%. Although, this rate is not reached and maintained everywhere, thus one debated solution is to adopt compulsory vaccination plans rather than recommended. Our aim is to analyse if compulsory policies may increase coverage. Description Between 2014 and 2018 3 countries (Italy, France and California) changed their measles vaccination policies from recommended to compulsory to fight low immunization. In order to describe the effects of this action, we compared their measles coverage rates in 2014 and 2018 together with other 12 OECD countries rates who adopt both recommendation and obligation, evaluating the trend variations. Data were collected from OECD's, WHO's and Ministries of Health's documents. Results After the introduction of obligation, California (91% in 2014; 95% in 2018) and Italy (87% to 94%) coverage rates increased, while France's reduced (91% to 90%). Of other mandatory countries, only Australia showed an increase (94% to 95%); totally, 37.5% mandatory countries showed an increase among the analysed ones. Through the same period, 50% of analysed countries with recommendation maintained rates over 95%, 10% increased, while 40% remained below 95%. Lessons Even if mandatory vaccinations can lead to a sharp increase of coverage in a short time in response to emergency situations, the causes and solutions of hesitancy are more complex than law enforcement. Some countries without obligation show rates constantly above 95% throughout the years, demonstrating that other measures can be taken to fight low immunization. Key messages Apart from estimates coming from WHO and OECD, it is difficult to find extensive and official information about the application and the effectiveness of vaccination policies in different countries. Low immunization coverage rates rely on different causes (information, religion, personal beliefs, trust), thus the application of mandatory vaccination alone is not sufficient to fight hesitancy.

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Association of vaccine hesitancy and immunization coverage rates in the European Union

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.062 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Florian Stoeckel ◽

Charlie Carter ◽

Benjamin A. Lyons ◽

Jason Reifler

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

The European Union ◽

Coverage Rates

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Experimental study on flame spread over discrete extruded polystyrene foam with different fuel coverage rates

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.csite.2019.100577 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 100577 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhe Wang ◽

Weimin Liang ◽

Minglun Cai ◽

Yanhua Tang ◽

Song Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Flame Spread ◽

Polystyrene Foam ◽

Coverage Rates ◽

Extruded Polystyrene Foam

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Determining Accurate Vaccination Coverage Rates for Adolescents: The National Immunization Survey-Teen 2006

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/003335490912400506 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 124 (5) ◽

pp. 642-651 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Nidhi Jain ◽

James A. Singleton ◽

Margrethe Montgomery ◽

Benjamin Skalland

Keyword(s):

Vaccination Coverage ◽

National Level ◽

National Sample ◽

Two Phase ◽

National Immunization ◽

Level Data ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Coverage Rates ◽

First Time ◽

National Immunization Survey

Since 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has funded the National Immunization Survey (NIS), a large telephone survey used to estimate vaccination coverage of U.S. children aged 19–35 months. The NIS is a two-phase survey that obtains vaccination receipt information from a random-digit-dialed survey, designed to identify households with eligible children, followed by a provider record check, which obtains provider-reported vaccination histories for eligible children. In 2006, the survey was expanded for the first time to include a national sample of adolescents aged 13–17 years, called the NIS-Teen. This article summarizes the methodology used in the NIS-Teen. In 2008, the NIS-Teen was expanded to collect state-specific and national-level data to determine vaccination coverage estimates. This survey provides valuable information to guide immunization programs for adolescents.

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