Timber trade restrictions and tropical deforestation: a forest mining approach

The international trade in biotech products boosts national economies and advances scientific as well as technology innovation. However, while trading these products increases the spread of benefits on a global scale, it also increases risks to human health and the environment (ie biosafety). This is because the effects of this technology on biosafety are still highly uncertain. Against this background, the judicial bodies under the World Trade Organization (WTO) find themselves in the middle of an intricate and polarised debate in which a proper judicial balance between free trade and biosafety becomes fundamental in order to determine whether requests for ensuring human and environmental health justify trade restrictions. This paper aims to highlight that the WTO is institutionally unready for balancing economic and non-economic values. In suggesting how to rationalise the judicial balance between the competing interests in the context of biotechnology, this paper demonstrates that the judicial adoption of a well-structured proportionality analysis can turn the current balance by chance into a balance by structure.

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Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1251

Author(s):

Yichi Zhang ◽

Zhiliang Dong ◽

Sen Liu ◽

Peixiang Jiang ◽

Cuizhi Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Large Scale ◽

Prediction Method ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Lithium Carbonate ◽

Raw Material ◽

Small Scale ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Energy Field ◽

Structure Of Trade

As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

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Establishing criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks

CABI Agriculture and Bioscience ◽

10.1186/s43170-021-00043-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael D. Ormsby

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

International Standards ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Export Restriction ◽

Fly Control ◽

Financial Impacts ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

AbstractTephritid fruit flies (Diptera; Tephritidae) represent a group of insects that include some of the most economically important pests in horticulture. Because of their economic importance, the financial impacts of an incursion of tephritid fruit flies into a new area can often result in restrictions to trade. The economic impacts of any trade restrictions imposed by importing countries are confounded by the current absence of consistent and accepted criteria for the strength and extent of any trade restrictions and declaring the end of an incursion. The author has developed models that can be used to establish criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks as outlined in international standards. A model enables criteria on when to recognise an incursion has occurred and establish export restrictions. Another model determines what area or radius an export restriction zone (ERZ) should cover. And a third model establishes criteria for the conditions required to enable an ERZ to be rescinded and the area’s pest free status reinstated. The models rely primarily on fruit fly biology and the effectiveness of surveillance trapping systems. The adoption of these proposed criteria internationally for establishing a control system and responding to fruit fly outbreaks would provide considerable economic benefits to international trade. Additionally, these criteria would enable countries to make more informed cost–benefit decisions on the level of investment in fruit fly control systems that better reflects the economic risks fruit flies represent to their economy.

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The (post)politicisation of timber trade: (Un)invited participation in the EU-Vietnam Voluntary Partnership Agreement

Forest Policy and Economics ◽

10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102487 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 129 ◽

pp. 102487

Author(s):

Elke Verhaeghe

Keyword(s):

Timber Trade ◽

Partnership Agreement ◽

The Eu

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NON-DISCRIMINATORY TRADE RESTRICTIONS AFTER KECK

The Cambridge Law Journal ◽

10.1017/s0008197302331507 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 1-52

Author(s):

Alan Dashwood

Keyword(s):

Case Law ◽

Sales Promotion ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Member States ◽

The Public ◽

Court Of Justice ◽

Equivalent Effect ◽

The One ◽

Domestic Products ◽

By Products

IN its Keck judgment—famous or notorious according to taste—the Court of Justice drew a distinction, for the purposes of the application of the prohibition in Article 28 EC against measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions (“MEEQRs”), between two categories of national measures. On the one hand were “product requirements”: measures specifying requirements to be met, in order to obtain access to the market of a Member State, by products coming from other Member States where they are lawfully manufactured and marketed, like the minimum alcohol requirement for fruit liqueurs in Cassis de Dijon (Case 120/78 [1997] E.C.R. 649). Such product requirements are liable to constitute MEEQRs, and therefore require specific justification, in order to escape prohibition, on one of the public interest grounds recognised by Community law. On the other hand was the category of measures described in the judgment as “provisions restricting or prohibiting certain selling arrangements”. An example was the legislation at issue in the main proceedings in Keck, which prohibited the resale of products below their purchase price, thereby depriving retailers of a form of sales promotion. Other examples, attested by the case law post-Keck, are measures regulating advertising methods, the kind of shop in which goods of a certain description can be sold, shops’ opening hours and Sunday trading. National provisions in this latter category are not normally such as to hinder trade between Member States under the test formulated by the Court in Dassonville (Case 8/74 [1974] E.C.R. 837, at para. 5), and so do not call for justification; not, that is, “so long as those provisions apply to all relevant traders operating within the national territory and so long as they affect in the same manner, in law and in fact, the marketing of domestic products and those from other Member States”: see Joined Cases C-267 and 268/9 [1993] E.C.R. I-6097, at paras. 15–17.

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Tropical Deforestation, Land Degradation, and Society

Latin American Perspectives ◽

10.1177/0094582x9201900103 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 45-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Brent H. Millikan

Keyword(s):

Land Degradation ◽

Tropical Deforestation

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Aspects of the Norwegian timber trade in the 1840S and ’50S

Scandinavian Economic History Review ◽

10.1080/03585522.1968.10411496 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 137-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francis Sejersted

Keyword(s):

Timber Trade

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The American Record in Industrial Policy: Results of Programs for Troubled Manufacturing Industries

Journal of Policy History ◽

10.1017/s0898030600003924 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 185-214

Author(s):

Margaret E. Dewar

Keyword(s):

Information Technology ◽

New Technology ◽

Manufacturing Industries ◽

Foreign Competition ◽

High Definition ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Technological Revolution ◽

High Definition Television ◽

Declining Industries ◽

Manufacturing Sectors

As many manufacturing industries have declined and as much American manufacturing has become vulnerable to foreign competition, numerous groups have suggested that programs to intervene in specific manufacturing sectors could help. Proponents focus on aid to telecommunications, aerospace, information technology, and high-definition television, where an edge in new technology may be key to the industries' success, but they also touch on aid to declining industries. Opponents of trade restrictions often argue that policies should facilitate adjustment in industries injured by trade. Other groups call for a technological “revolution” in manufacturing to restore international competitiveness through programs to facilitate adjustment and to speed the transition to new kinds of manufacturing. Others, concerned about massive job losses in depressed manufacturing communities, have called for improving the welfare of workers and communities.

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