scholarly journals Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Zhiliang Dong ◽  
Sen Liu ◽  
Peixiang Jiang ◽  
Cuizhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Structure Of Trade

As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

Fracture Strength Estimation of SiC Block for IS Process

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Takegami ◽  
Atsuhiko Terada ◽  
Kaoru Onuki ◽  
Ryutaro Hino
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Strength ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Weibull Modulus ◽  
Reliability Assessment ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Destructive Test ◽  
Small Scale Model

The Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been conducting R&D on thermochemical water-splitting Iodine-Sulfur (IS) process for hydrogen production to meet massive demand in the future hydrogen economy. A concept of sulfuric acid decomposer was developed featuring a heat exchanger block made of SiC. Recent activity has focused on the reliability assessment of SiC block. Although knowing the strength of SiC block is important for the reliability assessment, it is difficult to evaluate a large-scale ceramics structure without destructive test. In this study, a novel approach for strength estimation of SiC structure was proposed. Since accurate strength estimation of individual ceramics structure is difficult, a prediction method of minimum strength in the structure of the same design was proposed based on effective volume theory and optimized Weibull modulus. Optimum value of the Weibull modulus was determined for estimating the lowest strength. The strength estimation line was developed by using the determined modulus. The validity of the line was verified by destructive test of SiC block model, which is small-scale model of the SiC block. The fracture strength of small-scale model satisfied the predicted strength.

scholarly journals A techno-economic-environmental analysis of the methanol production from biogas and power-to-X

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMANUELE MOIOLI ◽  
Tilman Schildhauer
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Methanol Synthesis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Co2 Hydrogenation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Fossil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
Alternative Routes

Methanol is a key ingredient for the chemical industry and for the energy sector. Towards a transition into carbon-neutral future, it would be of great interest to reduce the fossil carbon footprint of the methanol synthesis by investigating alternative routes. A potential way to produce methanol in a sustainable manner is to utilize biogas, which is a carbon-neutral feedstock. However, it is challenging to provide sufficient biogas to large-scale plants. For this reason, we investigate in this paper the possibility of producing methanol in small-scale decentralised plants. We analysed the techno-economic-environmental performance of the downscaling of the standard methanol production via steam reforming and we compared it with the novel synthesis via direct CO2 hydrogenation with green H2. We observed that, with cheap electricity and high methanol value, these processes are both profitable, with a slight advantage for the steam-reforming route. However, the direct CO2 hydrogenation route can be improved by developing tailor-made less costly equipment, thus showing a potential for application in an energy storage context (i.e. with extremely cheap electricity). We also observed that the use of biomethane as feedstock for centralized methanol production shows a similar performance as the localized methanol synthesis, due to the high cost of the raw material. Therefore, we can conclude that, with every technology analysed, the shift towards a biogas-based methanol manufacture results in a more expensive product and that small-scale localized production may play a role in the bio-based methanol supply.

scholarly journals Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes for Aluminum/Magnesium/Sodium-Ion Batteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Na Zhu ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Feng Wu ◽  
Ying Bai ◽  
Chuan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Electrochemical Window ◽  
Battery Systems

Developing post-lithium-ion battery technology featured with high raw material abundance and low cost is extremely important for the large-scale energy storage applications, especially for the metal-based battery systems such as aluminum, sodium, and magnesium ion batteries. However, their developments are still in early stages, and one of the major challenges is to explore a safe and reliable electrolyte. An ionic liquid-based electrolyte is attractive and promising for developing safe and nonflammable devices with wide temperature ranges owing to their several unique properties such as ultralow volatility, high ionic conductivity, good thermal stability, low flammability, a wide electrochemical window, and tunable polarity and basicity/acidity. In this review, the recent emerging limitations and strategies of ionic liquid-based electrolytes in the above battery systems are summarized. In particular, for aluminum-ion batteries, the interfacial reaction between ionic liquid-based electrolytes and the electrode, the mechanism of aluminum storage, and the optimization of electrolyte composition are fully discussed. Moreover, the strategies to solve the problems of electrolyte corrosion and battery system side reactions are also highlighted. Finally, a general conclusion and a perspective focusing on the current development limitations and directions of ionic liquid-based electrolytes are proposed along with an outlook. In order to develop novel high-performance ionic liquid electrolytes, we need in-depth understanding and research on their fundamentals, paving the way for designing next-generation products.

scholarly journals Development of a small-scale plastic recycling technology and a special filament product for 3D printing

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-371
Author(s):  
Alaeddine Oussai ◽  
Zoltán Bártfai ◽  
László Kátai ◽  
István Szalkai
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Synthetic Fibers ◽  
Plastic Recycling ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Recycled Plastics ◽  
Electronic Parts

In our days, the fight against pollution has become a real challenge for the state. recycling is one of the solutions that is adopted in several nations to reduce the rate of plastic discarded in nature. The amount of plastic waste has been increasing for decades contributing to the environmental pollution that is one of the most serious problem of the mankind. according to the statistics not only the household plastic waste, but the industry discharge is increasing because the utilization of plastic as a raw material is more and more extending. plastic can be found in a lot of products, huge number of bottles, plastic bags, computers, auto parts are sold every day. The current applications for using recycled plastics in fabrication and design are fairly limited, on a small scale, plastics (such as abs, HDPe1, or Pe2t) are shredded and formed into pellets, and then either extruded into lament to be used in existing 3d printers, or injection molded into small parts and pieces of larger components. at a large scale, recycled HDpE is melted into sheets and either used directly as sheets in construction, or then heat formed from a sheet into components for construction. these methods of fabrication using recycled plastics are the norm because of their straightforward processes. nevertheless, each method leaves some complexity to be desired. This paper we study the types of plastics and diagnose the pollution caused by the latter. this allowed us to design and size a recycling station of plastic into filaments for three-dimensional printers. this station which will contribute to the fight against pollution. the station consists of two machines for grinding of the plastic and the other for the extrusion of the desired filaments. we were able to make a theoretical academic study on both machines and also we designed with solidworks 2015. The theoretical study is spread of the mechanical calculations necessary to the design and validation of the structure using the tools. as the prospect of this project, we want to complete the achievement of this station while completing the crusher and extruder mechanically. then switch to electric and electronic parts (introduction of engines, sensors and wiring...). In the case of waste plastics that are recyclable and reusable. the most widely used are polyethylene terephthalate (pet, used for synthetic fibers and water bottles), and second high-density polyethylene (hdpe, used for jugs, bottle caps, water pipes).

scholarly journals The Alvarrões-Gonçalo Li project: an example of sustainable lithium mining

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Sousa ◽  
Violeta Ramos ◽  
Alexandra Guedes ◽  
Fernando Noronha ◽  
Ana Botelho de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Froth Flotation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Basic Scenario ◽  
Sulphide Ores ◽  
Central Portugal ◽  
Critical Materials

Abstract. Across Europe, small scale deposits of critical materials and/or strategic elements, such as W, Li and Sn, are not viable to mine and process using the traditional large scale mining and processing technologies due to their geological characteristics. Project FAME (Flexible And Mobile Economic Processing Technologies, EC Horizon 2020 Grant Agreement No. 641650) was created in order to specifically address the technical and environmental challenges to the sustainable processing of low sulphide ores from pegmatites, greisens and skarns deposits. One of the deposits, Alvarrões-Gonçalo, is a Li pegmatite located at the Gonçalo pegmatite field (Central Portugal) that is being investigated on the scope of the concerned project. Currently, the pegmatites are only being exploited for ceramics, aggregates and ornamental purposes, however, there is exploitation potential for Li2O-rich ores. Froth flotation is being tested to produce a lepidolite concentrate. Results showed the feasibility to obtain a Li2O grade adequate for the metallurgical production of lithium compounds as Li2CO3. The lepidolite flotation rejects, normally stored in tailings dumps, are mainly composed by a mixture of feldspars, quartz and non-recovered lepidolite (though a very low content), which is, by itself, a very interesting raw material for ceramic purposes. Consequently, mining exploitation of lepidolite, as Li2O ore, from pegmatite could comply with the standards of “green mining”, reaching an almost “zero waste” exploitation, as it can be accomplished in the case of the mineral processing of the Alvarrões-Gonçalo lithium ore. This basic scenario could be improved by applying froth flotation also for feldspars/quartz separation, aiming at obtaining a high content feldspars concentrate (floated) and a quartz product (non-floated): the feldspars concentrate can be used to produce blends with different ratios feldspars/quartz for sanitary ware and tiles and quartz for other uses, such as glasses and “silica flour”.

scholarly journals Prediction of Lithium-ion Battery Thermal Runaway Propagation for Large Scale Applications Fire Hazard Quantification

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Said ◽  
Mohd Tohir
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Thermal Runaway ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Component Level

The high capacity and voltage properties demonstrated by lithium-ion batteries render them as the preferred energy carrier in portable electronic devices. The application of the lithium-ion batteries which previously circulating and contained around small-scale electronics is now expanding into large scale emerging markets such as electromobility and stationary energy storage. Therefore, the understanding of the risk involved is imperative. Thermal runaway is the most common failure mode of lithium-ion battery which may lead to safety incidents. Transport process of immense amounts of heat released during thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery to neighboring batteries in a module can lead to cascade failure of the whole energy storage system. In this work, a model is developed to predict the propagation of lithium-ion battery in a module for large scale applications. For this purpose, kinetic of material thermal decomposition is combined with heat transfer modelling. The simulation is built based on chemical kinetics at component level of a singular cell and energy balance that accounts for conductive and convective heat transfer.

scholarly journals Kesiapan Industri Rumah Tangga Mebel terhadap Penerapan Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu di Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Reza Ahda Sabiila ◽  
Eko Ruddy Cahyadi ◽  
Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Distributed Information ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Illegal logging and illegal timber trade have been ones of major causes of deforestation in many countries, including Indonesia. Indonesian Timber Legality Assurance System (Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu/SVLK) is an instrument to improve governance of timber sector. The system ensures the legality of timber harvested, transported, processed, and marketed by Indonesian forestry enterprises. SVLK is developed through engagement of multi-stakeholder (scholars, business association, relevant ministries, and NGOs). Implementation of SVLK is mandatory. Since implemented, SVLK has increased export of forest products. However, the export is dominated by large scale enterprises. On other hand, many of small and medium scale industries are yet registered. Micro and small scale industries have basic difficulties to meet the applicable standards of SVLK. According to background and issues, the study aims to analyze distribution network, small business profit, cost of SVLK implementation, and the application of svlk feasibility financial simulation on small scale industries furniture. Primary data collection was carried out with purposive sampling method through deep interview and questionnaires. The result showed there were 3 alternative distribution channels of community wood marketing in Yogyakarta. Each distribution channel has different characteristics. Cost percentage of SVLK implementation is 4.00%. The actual challenge is in the equally distributed information and incompatibility between the requirements of SVLK and the life of small scale industries. SVLK requires Rp 7.787.500,- in early periode and Rp 6.230.000,- to be paid every 2 years. The total cost is Rp 32.707.500,- for 10 years. There are only 7% of small scale industries knowing about SVLK. Small scale industries which don’t know clearly is 50 %, while other small scale industries claim to be uninformed. Based on the study, NPV Rp 10.011.212,-, BCR 1,13 dan investment return rate 18%. Feasibility financial simulation showed SVLK implementation is possible, although has little positive sales development. Small scale furniture industries with 144 m3 raw material per year usage have to target 12% sales development in first year. In second year of implementation, small scale furniture industries cashflow has negative point. It caused by surveillance cost. Small scale furniture industries interest to SVLK implementation was in minimum point. Small scale furniture industries interest to SVLK implementation can be increased by certification financing programs and the export market assurance.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Mesin Pencacah Tandan Kosong Sawit (TKS) dengan Metode Pemotongan Crusher

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Junaidi - ◽  
Anwar Kasim ◽  
Aidil Zamri ◽  
Sir Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Engine Capacity

Palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) fiber content ± 70 % and can be used for elastic    fiber, matrix, mattresses, rugs and raw material fiber -based composite board products, but until now has not been utilized to the fullest . The problem is not the availability of processing unit generates EFB fiber in small scale . One of them is the processing unit thrasher EFB. EFB counter technology that exists today is a large scale that can only be owned by the oil palm industry with a capacity of ± 4,124 kg/hour. For small-scale fiber industry needs a minimum engine capacity of census enumerators ± 300 kg/hour, but this machine is not yet commercially available.In general, the purpose of this research is small scale EFB cutting machines with a capacity of 200-300 kg/hour, the design parameters and identify optimum operating conditions for each component with the technical test of the prototype. From the results obtained machine design an engine capacity of 300 kg/hour, with a few major components, namely counter unit, unit funnel in and out, frame and drive unit . From the results of design calculations obtained engine power 15 hp motor drive with 1450 RPM rotation with 3 phase. From the results of the testing machine in the first enumeration results obtained by the size of the pieces of shredded EFB ± 7 x 7 ( cm ), while the second enumeration stage shredded EFB size becoming smaller ± 3 x 3 ( cm ).

scholarly journals STRUKTUR MIKRO DAN SIFAT MEKANIS ALUMINIUM (Al-Si) PADA PROSES PENGECORAN MENGGUNAKAN CETAKAN LOGAM, CETAKAN PASIR DAN CETAKAN CASTABLE

POROS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Martinus Mandala ◽  
Eddy Siradj ◽  
Sofyan Djamil
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cast Aluminum ◽  
Metal Mold ◽  
The Public ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Casting Industry

Abstract: Aluminum foundry is one of the business sectors that to much in demand by the public, ranging from small scale to large scale . Through remelting process, some small-scale aluminum casting industry, using raw materials of used aluminum as the main raw material. Some of the cast products are required to have good quality to comply with quality standards on its use. This study aims to look at the difference in quality of cast aluminum (Al-Si) using three types of mold, the metal mold, sand mold, and the mold castable by testing the mechanical properties of materials that impact and Brinell hardness testing. The method used was experimental or trial. The results obtained are the result cast using a metal mold has a hardness value of the highest of 63 HBN, with a value of impact 37

scholarly journals Life Cycle Modelling of Extraction and Processing of Battery Minerals—A Parametric Approach

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Nelson Bunyui Manjong ◽  
Lorenzo Usai ◽  
Odne Stokke Burheim ◽  
Anders Hammer Strømman
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Battery Materials

Sustainable battery production with low environmental footprints requires a systematic assessment of the entire value chain, from raw material extraction and processing to battery production and recycling. In order to explore and understand the variations observed in the reported footprints of raw battery materials, it is vital to re-assess the footprints of these material value chains. Identifying the causes of these variations by combining engineering and environmental system analysis expands our knowledge of the footprints of these battery materials. This article disaggregates the value chains of six raw battery materials (aluminum, copper, graphite, lithium carbonate, manganese, and nickel) and identifies the sources of variabilities (levers) for each process along each value chain. We developed a parametric attributional process-based life cycle model to explore the effect of these levers on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the value chains, expressed in kg of CO2e. The parametric life cycle inventory model is used to conduct distinct life cycle assessments (LCA) for each material value chain by varying the identified levers within defined engineering ranges. 570 distinct LCAs are conducted for the aluminum value chain, 450 for copper, 170 for graphite, 39 for lithium carbonate via spodumene, 20 for lithium carbonate via brine, 260 for manganese, and 440 for nickel. Three-dimensional representations of these results for each value chain in kg of CO2e are presented as contour plots with gradient lines illustrating the intensity of lever combinations on the GHG emissions. The results of this study convey multidimensional insights into how changes in the lever settings of value chains yield variations in the overall GHG emissions of the raw materials. Parameterization of these value chains forms a flexible and high-resolution backbone, leading towards a more reliable life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries (LIB).

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