Assessing the impact of non-governmental organization’s extension programs on sustainable cocoa production and household income in Ghana

Subject. We assess the impact of tight financial and monetary policy of the government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia on the level of household income and poverty reduction in Russia. Objectives. The purpose of the study is to analyze the results of financial and monetary policy in Russia and determine why the situation with household income and poverty has not changed for the recent six years, and the GDP growth rate in Russia is significantly lagging behind the global average. Methods. The study employs methods of analysis of scientific and information base, and synthesis of obtained data. The methodology and theoretical framework draw upon works of domestic and foreign scientists on economic and financial support to economy and population’s income. Results. We offer measures for liberalization of the financial and monetary policy of the government and the Central Bank to ensure changes in the structure of the Russian economy. The proposed alternative economic and financial policy of the State will enable the growth of real incomes of the population, poverty reduction by half by 2024, and annual GDP growth up to 6 per cent. Conclusions. It is crucial to change budget priorities, increase the salaries of public employees, introduce a progressive tax rate for individuals; to reduce the key rate to the value of annual inflation and limit the bank margin. The country needs a phased program to increase the population's income, which will ensure consumer demand.

Download Full-text

Zastosowanie modelu logitowego do analizy czynników wpływających na bezrobocie wśród ludności wiejskiej

Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej ◽

10.22630/eiogz.2015.110.18 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 33-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dorota Kmieć

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Rural Population ◽

Household Income ◽

Logit Model ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Explanatory Factors ◽

Personal Competencies ◽

The Impact

The paper attempts to identify the causes of unemployment among the rural population. Logit model was used to determine the size of the impact of explanatory factors examined the situation in the labor market. The following potential predictors were considered: socio-demographic characteristics and household income, improving one’s skills through training and personal competencies.

Download Full-text

Understanding Rising Income Inequality and Stagnating Ordinary Living Standards in Germany

10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Gerhard Bosch ◽

Thorsten Kalina

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Labour Market ◽

Economic Crisis ◽

Household Income ◽

Wage Bargaining ◽

Living Standards ◽

Social Model ◽

Real Wages ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

This chapter describes how inequality and real incomes have evolved in Germany through the period from the 1980s, through reunification, up to the economic Crisis and its aftermath. It brings out how reunification was associated with a prolonged stagnation in real wages. It emphasizes how the distinctive German structures for wage bargaining were eroded over time, and the labour market and tax/transfer reforms of the late 1990s-early/mid-2000s led to increasing dualization in the labour market. The consequence was a marked increase in household income inequality, which went together with wage stagnation for much of the 1990s and subsequently. Coordination between government, employers, and unions still sufficed to avoid the impact the economic Crisis had on unemployment elsewhere, but the German social model has been altered fundamentally over the period

Download Full-text

The impact of a minimum wage change on the distribution of wages and household income

Oxford Economic Papers ◽

10.1093/oep/gpaa048 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Redmond ◽

Karina Doorley ◽

Seamus McGuinness

Keyword(s):

Income Distribution ◽

Minimum Wage ◽

Wage Inequality ◽

Household Income ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Wage Increase ◽

Minimum Wage Increase ◽

Wage Change ◽

The Impact

Abstract We use distribution regression analysis to study the impact of a 6% increase in the Irish minimum wage on the distribution of hourly wages and household income. Wage inequality, measured by the ratio of wages in the 90th and 10th percentiles and the 75th and 25th percentiles, decreased by approximately 8 and 4%, respectively. The results point towards wage spillover effects up to the 30th percentile of the wage distribution. We show that minimum wage workers are spread throughout the household income distribution and are often located in high-income households. Therefore, while we observe strong effects on the wage distribution, the impact of a minimum wage increase on the household income distribution is quite limited.

Download Full-text

Polygenic burden has broader impact on health, cognition, and socioeconomic outcomes than most rare and high-risk copy number variants

Molecular Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41380-021-01026-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elmo Christian Saarentaus ◽

Aki Samuli Havulinna ◽

Nina Mars ◽

Ari Ahola-Olli ◽

Tuomo Tapio Johannes Kiiskinen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Household Income ◽

Copy Number ◽

Copy Number Variants ◽

Well Being ◽

Subjective Health ◽

Polygenic Risk Score ◽

The Impact ◽

Health Cognition

AbstractCopy number variants (CNVs) are associated with syndromic and severe neurological and psychiatric disorders (SNPDs), such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Although considered high-impact, CNVs are also observed in the general population. This presents a diagnostic challenge in evaluating their clinical significance. To estimate the phenotypic differences between CNV carriers and non-carriers regarding general health and well-being, we compared the impact of SNPD-associated CNVs on health, cognition, and socioeconomic phenotypes to the impact of three genome-wide polygenic risk score (PRS) in two Finnish cohorts (FINRISK, n = 23,053 and NFBC1966, n = 4895). The focus was on CNV carriers and PRS extremes who do not have an SNPD diagnosis. We identified high-risk CNVs (DECIPHER CNVs, risk gene deletions, or large [>1 Mb] CNVs) in 744 study participants (2.66%), 36 (4.8%) of whom had a diagnosed SNPD. In the remaining 708 unaffected carriers, we observed lower educational attainment (EA; OR = 0.77 [95% CI 0.66–0.89]) and lower household income (OR = 0.77 [0.66–0.89]). Income-associated CNVs also lowered household income (OR = 0.50 [0.38–0.66]), and CNVs with medical consequences lowered subjective health (OR = 0.48 [0.32–0.72]). The impact of PRSs was broader. At the lowest extreme of PRS for EA, we observed lower EA (OR = 0.31 [0.26–0.37]), lower-income (OR = 0.66 [0.57–0.77]), lower subjective health (OR = 0.72 [0.61–0.83]), and increased mortality (Cox’s HR = 1.55 [1.21–1.98]). PRS for intelligence had a similar impact, whereas PRS for schizophrenia did not affect these traits. We conclude that the majority of working-age individuals carrying high-risk CNVs without SNPD diagnosis have a modest impact on morbidity and mortality, as well as the limited impact on income and educational attainment, compared to individuals at the extreme end of common genetic variation. Our findings highlight that the contribution of traditional high-risk variants such as CNVs should be analyzed in a broader genetic context, rather than evaluated in isolation.

Download Full-text

Adoption of improved agricultural technology and its impact on household income: a propensity score matching estimation in eastern Ethiopia

Agriculture & Food Security ◽

10.1186/s40066-020-00278-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Muluken G. Wordofa ◽

Jemal Y. Hassen ◽

Getachew S. Endris ◽

Chanyalew S. Aweke ◽

Dereje K. Moges ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Propensity Score ◽

Propensity Score Matching ◽

Technology Use ◽

Household Income ◽

Agricultural Technology ◽

Primary Data ◽

Farm Income ◽

Agricultural Technologies ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Adoption of improved agricultural technologies remains to be a promising strategy to achieve food security and poverty reduction in many developing countries. However, there are limited rigorous impact evaluations on the contributions of such technologies on household welfare. This paper investigates the impact of improved agricultural technology use on farm household income in eastern Ethiopia. Methods Primary data for the study was obtained from a random sample of 248 rural households, 119 of which are improved technology users and the rest are non-users. The research employed the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) procedure to establish the causal relationship between adoption of improved crop and livestock technologies and changes in farm income. Results Results from the econometric analysis show that households using improved agricultural technologies had, on average, 23,031.28 Birr (Birr is the official currency of Ethiopia. The exchange rate according to the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) was 1 USD = 27.6017 Birr on 04 October 2018.) higher annual farm income compared to those households not using such technologies. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting multiple and complementary agricultural technologies among rural smallholders. Conclusions We suggest that rural technology generation, dissemination and adoption interventions be strengthened. Moreover, the linkage among research, extension, universities and farmers needs to be enhanced through facilitating a multistakeholders innovation platforms.

Download Full-text

Life Cycle Assessment of Households in Santiago, Chile: Environmental Hotspots and Policy Analysis

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13052525 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 2525

Author(s):

Camila López-Eccher ◽

Elizabeth Garrido-Ramírez ◽

Iván Franchi-Arzola ◽

Edmundo Muñoz

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Environmental Impacts ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Household Income ◽

Resource Scarcity ◽

Life Cycles ◽

The Impact ◽

Freshwater Eutrophication

The aim of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of household life cycles in Santiago, Chile, by household income level. The assessment considered scenarios associated with environmental policies. The life cycle assessment was cradle-to-grave, and the functional unit considered all the materials and energy required to meet an inhabitant’s needs for one year (1 inh/year). Using SimaPro 9.1 software, the Recipe Midpoint (H) methodology was used. The impact categories selected were global warming, fine particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity, mineral resource scarcity, and fossil resource scarcity. The inventory was carried out through the application of 300 household surveys and secondary information. The main environmental sources of households were determined to be food consumption, transport, and electricity. Food consumption is the main source, responsible for 33% of the environmental impacts on global warming, 69% on terrestrial acidification, and 29% on freshwater eutrophication. The second most crucial environmental hotspot is private transport, whose contribution to environmental impact increases as household income rises, while public transport impact increases in the opposite direction. In this sense, both positive and negative environmental effects can be generated by policies. Therefore, life-cycle environmental impacts, the synergy between policies, and households’ socio-economic characteristics must be considered in public policy planning and consumer decisions.

Download Full-text

Fuelling rural development? The impact of biofuel feedstock production in southern Africa on household income and expenditures

Energy Research & Social Science ◽

10.1016/j.erss.2021.102053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 76 ◽

pp. 102053

Author(s):

S. Mudombi ◽

C. Ochieng ◽

F.X. Johnson ◽

G. von Maltitz ◽

D. Luhanga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Development ◽

Southern Africa ◽

Household Income ◽

Biofuel Feedstock ◽

Feedstock Production ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

The Impact of Cooperative Membership on Fish Farm Households’ Income: The Case of Ghana

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1059

Author(s):

Martinson Ankrah Twumasi ◽

Yuansheng Jiang ◽

Bismark Addai ◽

Zhao Ding ◽

Abbas Ali Chandio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peer Influence ◽

Household Income ◽

Sample Selection ◽

Institutional Arrangement ◽

Fish Farm ◽

Farm Income ◽

Switching Regression ◽

Farm Work ◽

Household Heads ◽

The Impact

The emergence of agricultural cooperatives is extensively viewed as a necessary institutional arrangement that can help farmers in developing countries overcome the constraints that impede them from improving sustainable agricultural production and acquiring new marketing opportunities. Therefore, this study examines the determinants of cooperative membership and its impact on fish farm household income, using data collected from two regions in Ghana. An endogenous switching regression (ESR) model is utilized to address the potential sample selection bias issue. The results show that household heads’ decisions to join cooperatives are affected by their access to credit, off-farm work, education level, and peer influence. Cooperative membership can increase both household and farm income by 28.54% and 34.75%, respectively. Moreover, we show that different groups of households’ cooperative impacts on farm and household income are heterogeneous. Our findings highlight the importance of cooperative patronization and provide implications that can improve households’ welfare.

Download Full-text

Did We Lose the War on Poverty?

The Journal of Economic Perspectives ◽

10.1257/jep.12.1.79 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 79-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Dale W Jorgenson

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Well Being ◽

War On Poverty ◽

Support Programs ◽

Accurate Assessment ◽

Income Support ◽

Poverty Level ◽

The Impact ◽

The U.S ◽

Economic Well Being

Official U.S. poverty statistics based on household income imply that the proportion of the U.S. population below the poverty level reached a minimum in 1973, giving rise to the widespread impression that the elimination of poverty is impossible. By contrast, poverty estimates based on household consumption have fallen through 1989 and imply that the war on poverty was a success. This paper recommends replacing income by consumption in official estimates of poverty in order to obtain a more accurate assessment of the impact of income support programs and economic growth on the level and distribution of economic well-being among households.

Download Full-text