Papal Finance and the Temporal Power, 1815–1871

1957 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
Rondo E. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
International Politics ◽  
European History ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Temporal Domain ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Church

The Popes of Rome ruled as both temporal and spiritual sovereigns for more than one thousand years, but historians have been little concerned with the former aspect of their sovereignty except as a factor in international politics and diplomacy and for its effect upon their status as heads of Catholic Christendom. Details of the internal administration of the States of the Church have been largely neglected. This state of affairs is particularly true with respect to the modern and recent periods of European history, during which the rise of great national states eclipsed the tiny temporal domain of the Pope. There is a substantial literature on the finances of the Papacy in the later Middle Ages, when finance is recognized as having played an important part in political affairs, but a survey of the literature for the modern period fails to reveal any systematic treatment of the subject. There is reason to believe, however, as this brief note indicates, that there is a significant connection between the financial situation of the States of the Church and the loss of the temporal power. It is even possible that this connection extends to matters of Church doctrine.

scholarly journals Glagoljaška djelatnost na zapadnoj periferiji

2021 ◽  
pp. 371-397
Author(s):  
Sanja Zubčić
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Glagolitic space refers to the area where in the Middle Ages or the Early Modern Period the Glagolitic script was used in texts of different genres and on different surfaces, and/or where the liturgy was held in Croatian Church Slavonic, adopting a positive and affirmative attitude towards Glagolitism. In line with known historical and social circumstances, Glagolitism developed on Croatian soil, more intensely on its southern, especially south-western part (Istria, Northern Croatian Littoral, Lika, northern Dalmatia and adjacent islands). Glagolitism was also thriving in the western periphery of that space, in today’s Slovenia and Italy, leading to the discovery and description of different Glagolitic works. It is the latter, their structure and language, that will be the subject of this paper. Starting from the thesis that innovations in language develop radially, i.e. starting from the center and spreading towards the periphery, it is possible to assume that in the western Glagolitic periphery some more archaic dialectal features will be confirmed among the elements of the vernacular. It is important that these monuments were created and used in an area where the majority language is not Croatian, so the influence of foreign language elements or other ways of expressing multilingualism can be expected. The paper will outline the Glagolitic activity in the abovementioned space and the works preserved therein. In order to determine the differences between Glagolitic works originating from the peripheral and central Glagolitic space, the type and structure of Glagolitic inscriptions and manuscripts from Slovenia and Italy will also be analysed, especially with respect to potential periphery-specific linguistic features. Special attention is paid to the analysis of selected isoglosses in the Notebook or Register of the Brotherhood of St. Anthony the Abbot from San Dorligo della Valle.

scholarly journals XIX.—On some early Notices relating to the Antiquities of St. Alban's, by Thomas Wright, Esq. F.S.A.

Archaeologia ◽  
1850 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-268
Author(s):  
Thomas Wright
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Religious Legends ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

Some time ago the Society of Antiquaries did me the honour of listening to, and printing in its Transactions, a few remarks on the Antiquarian excavations made by the monks during the middle ages; on the destruction of many ancient monuments by this process; and on the purposes to which the articles thus brought to light were turned. Perhaps I may be permitted to recall the attention of the members of the Society to this subject, which will be hardly considered an uninteresting one, in order to shew how much may be learnt on the subject of local monuments of antiquity in this country from a careful perusal of the legendary literature of the church. So general was the custom of turning old popular legends into religious legends, and so universally were such popular legends attached to ancient sites and monuments, that we need not be surprised at the great importance which these monuments often assume in the histories of the lives and miracles of saints, and at the numerous and curious descriptions of these monuments which we find in the peculiar class of literature to which I allude.

scholarly journals Writing Demetrias: Ascetic Logic in Ancient Christianity

2000 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Male Authority ◽  
Ancient Christianity ◽  
Christian Men ◽  
The Church

In his influential discussion of early Christian ascetic renunciation, Peter Brown announced that “Christian men used women ‘to think with’ in order to verbalize their own nagging concern with the stance that the Church should take with the world.” Brown's statement encapsulates the particular difficulties facing students of the history of women in the early Christian period. The most basic difficulty is that we possess very few texts by women from this period until well into the Middle Ages. We can point to the diary of the third-century martyr Perpetua, the complex and recondite Vergilian and Homeric centos (“stitch-verses”) of the aristocrat Proba and the empress Eudocia, and perhaps one or two other arguable examples. With a dearth of women's own voices, can historians be expected to reconstruct women's lives? This paucity of “first-person” texts is coupled with a more serious theoretical difficulty facing historians of all periods whose main “evidence” consists of literary and rhetorically informed texts. Scholars are much less confident today in our ability to peel back layers of male rhetoric and find the “real” woman concealed underneath. Brown's comment underscores this rhetorical skepticism by asking whether these texts are even “about” women at all. Others following Brown's lead have understood texts that are ostensibly to or about women as concerned primarily with issues of male authority and identity. In Brown's words, women were good “to think with,” but the subject of that “thought” was inevitably male. Despite these technical and theoretical difficulties, however, I do not think we are witnessing the final and absolute erasure of women from ancient Christian history.

scholarly journals Posvetni latinski natpisi na crkvi sv. Ivana od Birnja

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vedrana Delonga
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Cultural Entity ◽  
The Church

Within the archaeological-historical complex at the hillfort of Biranj (Kaštel Lukšić), the ancient church of St. John the Baptist stands out in particular as a cultural entity. Three architectural phases (Romanesque, Late Gothic, and Modern period) can be perceived in its present appearance. The façade of the church bears a group of late medieval inscriptions in Latin: a donative inscription on the lintel, dated 1444 and also by the reign of the Venetian Doge Francesco Foscari (today placed in the interior of the church), as well as four consecratory inscriptions from the same time on the corners of the church. They were placed by donors (church juspatronatus) on the structure of the church on the occasion of the dedication of the thoroughly renovated original church of St. John, which had been built in the Romanesque period, at the end of the 12th or in the early 13th century, as the endowment of the Ostrog free villagers. From the donative inscription on the lintel it is learned that the ruinous Romanesque church was renovated from the foundations up by the juspatronus and plebanus Grgur Nikolin, the archpresbyter and canon of the Trogir diocese, in the name of a personal vow and the vows of all the juspatroni of St. John of Biranj. The four consecratory inscriptions with the text + Christus venit in pace et Deus homo factus est on the corners of the Late Gothic church from the same period are particularly interesting. On the basis of the contents it is hypothesized that they represent some kind of reminiscence of the possible original epigraphic dedications from the period of the construction of the Romanesque church at the end of the 12th century or in the early decades of the 13th century. The inscriptions and the sacred structure to which they belong are considered in the framework of the site as a cultural-historical complex and multi-century religious shrine and are analyzed in terms of the formal and contextual epigraphic traits. Their context is explored in the framework of the historical and religious-spiritual conditions related to the specific area in the period of the developed (12th and 13th centuries) and late Middle Ages (middle of the 15th century).

scholarly journals Theoretical Generalizations in Epidemiology: from History to the Present

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
N. I. Briko
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The article presents an analysis of theoretical generalizations in epidemiologists at all stages of its development and development. It is shown that the components that make up the content of the subject of epidemiology have evolved in the understanding of their essence, in particular, causality, the mechanism of development and epidemiological manifestations. Representations and terminology about the content and essence of the subject have changed: from the epidemic, to the epidemic process, and, finally, to the population level of organization of pathology and human health (morbidity and public health). The greatest scientific discussions and intellectual struggle of opinions passed through the whole history of science. The concepts that prevailed in the ancient world, the Middle Ages, in the 20th century and theoretical generalizations in epidemiology of the modern period are presented. Problems were revealed and directions for further research in the field of theory and practice of epidemiology were suggested.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Berger
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
European History ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Visual Form ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Textual Strategies ◽  
Clear Presentation

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to introduce visual counterparts to the textual strategies of selection, encapsulation, and recombination employed by Aristotelian and anti-Aristotelian scholars and students in the early modern period. Many early modern philosophical images were the products of a particular moment in European history, when a method of transmitting knowledge aimed at optimizing efficiency through the clear presentation of information began to flourish. This study demonstrates that these images, rather than merely simplifying preexisting philosophical concepts, enrich theoretical knowledge by bringing it into visual form both in combination with words and independently of texts. The remainder of the chapter describes documents that are the subject of this study followed by an overview of the subsequent chapters.

A Consistory Court in the Middle Ages

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Morris
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Church Courts ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
Reformation England ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Church ◽  
Insight Into

Some years ago Professor Powicke wrote of the possibility that a study of the surviving records of the medieval church courts would ‘reveal unexpected possibilities of insight into the daily lives of men and women in a pre-Reformation diocese as subjects of an active jurisdiction, parallel to that of the common law. That this jurisdiction existed we already knew, but the prospect of seeing it at work is exciting’. Since then, it has become increasingly clear that the exploration of the working of the church courts would throw light on the whole relationship between Church and People in medieval, and indeed post-medieval, England. Unfortunately, the records, although quite voluminous, have survived only in a haphazard and intermittent way, and it is, as yet, impossible to form any general conclusions about the subject as a whole. In the hope of contributing to this process, I propose to examine the working of the consistory court in the diocese of Lincoln, one of the largest and most populous dioceses in pre-Reformation England.

scholarly journals The last Venetian-Byzantine Trade Agreement and Mehmed II’s First Peace Agreement with Venice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iassen Vanev
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Period

The goal of this article is to compare two inter-state commercial charters as the title suggests, a chrysobull by the Byzantine emperor John VIII and a document signed by Mehmed the Conqueror. The Ottoman Empire at that time was expanding at the expense of the Venetian thalassocracy, and particularly Byzantium. Venice, in its turn, was deriving more trade privileges from the dying Byzantine Empire. The emphasis in the article will be put on the similarities between the documents proving the continuity in the various spheres of international politics in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period.

What Happened to the Renaissance in the German Academy? A Report on German “Renaissance” Institutes

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1118-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eckhard Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
European History ◽  
History Curriculum ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

Where is the research on the Renaissance being done in Germany? Is it true that “European history is still firmly divided among antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern era,” and that therefore “the Renaissance occupies no space of its own in the history curriculum [of German universities]” as Professor Karant-Nunn has argued? The problem, it seems, is that German historians have largely abandoned the term “Renaissance” to denote the period between the Middle Ages and the modern era, using instead the term “early modern period” (Friihe Neuzeit), a term whose perimeters are variously defined as extending from the close of the Middle Ages to the end of the seventeenth century, or to the French Revolution, or even to the end of the old Reich in 1806.

scholarly journals SUBJECTIVE SIGNS OF THE COMPOSITION OF CRIMES IN THE LAWS OF THE STATES OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-175
Author(s):  
B. A. Molchanov ◽  
M. V. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
The Church

The paper discusses formation and development of criminal legislation on the subject and subjective signs of the crime in the countries of medieval Europe within the comparative jurisprudence. The authors note that the level of culture and statehood in any society and its government bodies as a whole depends on the attitude of the society and the state to those who committed unlawful, criminally punishable acts. On the materials of criminal law in the Ancient World and the Middle Ages (Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, etc.) a strict liability was in law-enforcement practice. New states were formed during the Middle Ages. That led to the need of strengthening their authority of state power and statehood. Consequently, the state got the right to protect the interests of the individual and society, and the right to creation a new criminal legislation and its institutions. The church survived after liquidation of many public and state institutions. On the one hand, it contributed to the preservation of scientific achievements of the Ancient World. On the other hand, the church deprived science of free critical attitude to the issues under study. Philosophy and jurisprudence were based on theology. Criminal-legal institutions could be developed only in the direction, which had been approved by the church. Clearly, the idea of protecting the rights of the individual, strict liability and conditions of sanity could not be widely applied. As soon as the states were originated, strict liability was necessary to stop the blood feud and delegation of the judiciary from the society to the state. The obtained knowledge about the world and deeper understanding of the causality of what is happening facilitated the process. From the political point of view, theology (a Christian doctrine) influenced the criminal law policy in Medieval Time. The legislator regulated a range of subjects of the crime. In X - XI centuries, ancient ideas of strict liability were accepted in Europe. Crimes were divided into willful and not deliberate. The principle of the personal guilty is directly related to the subject of the crime. Murderers, rapists, thieves, swindlers and others were declared criminals. Judicial practice of many times and peoples gives us numerous examples confirming the existence of views on the animal as a subject of crime. Age limits of legal responsibility were defined as the minority, which is different from the social maturity, and sometimes old age, were considered the reason for the undisputed crime blamed of a crime to a subject. People under 14 years old could not be subjected to the death penalty, except when "malice can make up for the lack of age". The authors pay attention to the fact that the interests of healthy individuals guided medieval jurisprudence and medicine. They also regulated peculiarities of the healthy individuals’ legal capacity, presence of dementia and mental illnesses, etc. The mitigation of punishment in some cases when the fault of the subject of the crime was absent, fixing the criminal-legal significance of the motive of the crime, intent and some other subjective features in the legislation were a progress. Studies of the Medieval European States shows that the legislator at that time did not formulate general signs of the subject of the crime and did not know the criminal legal concept of strict liability. However, there was a need to solve the problem. Thus, the paper discusses the essence of the criminal legal significance of the сorpus delicti, its place in the criminal law and law enforcement practiceю. The authors used scientific literature of both foreign and Russian

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