scholarly journals You Can't Count on Me: The Impact of Electricity Unreliability on Productivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-602
Author(s):  
Sharon Poczter
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
District Level ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Electricity Provision ◽  
Over Time

While access to reliable electricity can significantly constrain industrial production, little is known as to how unreliability impacts firm level productivity. This is a particularly salient issue for firms in developing countries, where electricity provision is still unreliable and self-generation is costly. This paper analyzes the impact of electricity provision on productivity, instrumenting for electricity demand with district level solar irradiance. Results indicate that firms exhibit decreasing productivity in the initial stages of electricity adoption that decreases over time. Furthermore, I find that unreliability negatively impacts productivity initially and over time, and this effect is larger for smaller firms.

scholarly journals The impact of quarantine on Covid-19 infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
District Level ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Infection Rate ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives: Coronavirushas had profound effects on people’s lives and the economy of many countries, generating controversy between the need to establish quarantines and other social distancing measures to protect people’s health and the need to reactivate the economy. This study proposes and applies a modification of the SIR infection model to describe the evolution of coronavirus infections and to measure the effect of quarantine on the number of people infected. Methods: Two hypotheses, not necessarily mutually exclusive, are proposed for the impact of quarantines. According to the first hypothesis, quarantine reduces the infection rate, delaying new infections over time without modifying the total number of people infected at the end of the wave. The second hypothesis establishes that quarantine reduces the population infected in the wave. The two hypotheses are tested with data for a sample of 10 districts in Santiago, Chile. Results: The results of applying the methodology show that the proposed model describes well the evolution of infections at the district level. The data shows evidence in favor of the first hypothesis, quarantine reduces the infection rate; and not in favor of the second hypothesis, that quarantine reduces the population infected. Districts of higher socio-economic levels have a lower infection rate, and quarantine is more effective. Conclusions: Quarantine, in most districts, does not reduce the total number of people infected in the wave; it only reduces the rate at which they are infected. The reduction in the infection rate avoids peaks that may collapse the health system.

scholarly journals Maternal Mortality in 19th- and Early 20th-century Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 860-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Manfredini ◽  
Marco Breschi ◽  
Alessio Fornasin ◽  
Stanislao Mazzoni ◽  
Sergio De lasio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Peculiar Characteristic ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Summary Although dramatically reduced in Western and developed countries, maternal mortality is still today one of the most relevant social and health scourges in developing countries. This is the reason why high levels of maternal mortality are always interpreted as a sign of low living standards, ignorance, poverty and woman discrimination. Maternal mortality represents, therefore, a very peculiar characteristic of demographic systems of ancien regime. Despite this important role in demographic systems, no systematic study has been addressed to investigate the impact of maternal mortality in historical Italy. The aim of this article is to shed some light on such a phenomenon by investigating its trend over time and the determinants in some Italian populations between the 18th and the early 20th centuries. The analysis will make use of civil and parish registers linked together by means of nominative techniques, and it will be, therefore, carried out at the micro level.

Introduction

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Dörrenbächer ◽  
Florian Becker-Ritterspach
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
The Impact

Intrafirm competition, production relocation and outsourcing define crucial ways of organising and reorganising the cross-border operations of multinational corporations. What is more: these organisational activities put severe pressure on established economic coordination and governance both in developed as well as in developing countries. However, despite their organisational, political and economic salience, rather little is known about these processes and in particular about their socio-political dimensions. To this end, the contributions of this special issue aim at exploring, first, who the relevant actors are, what their interests are and how their strategies can be captured in intrafirm competition, production relocation and outsourcing. Second, the contributions discuss the wider socio-economic implications of firm-level processes by discussing, for example, the impact of outsourcing and relocation on employment fragmentation. Finally, the importance of public discourses is highlighted with regard to their role in both legitimating and promoting intrafirm competition, production relocation and outsourcing.

scholarly journals Inflation and Economic Growth: a Review of The International Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foluso A. Akinsola ◽  
Nicholas M. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Country Specific

This paper surveys the existing literature on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries, highlighting the theoretical and empirical indications. The study finds that the impact of inflation on economic growth varies from country to country and over time. The study also finds that the results from these studies depend on country‑specific characteristics, the data set used, and the methodology employed. On balance, the study finds overwhelming support in favour of a negative relationship between inflation and growth, especially in developed economies. However, there is still much controversy about the specific threshold level of inflation that is appropriate for growth. Most previous studies on this subject just assume a unidirectional causal relationsship between inflation and economic growth. To our knowledge, this may be the first review of its kind to survey, in detail, the existing research on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries.

Innovation-Intensive FDI and Host Country Institutions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. W. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Entry Modes ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Investment Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Innovation Outcomes

This chapter moves beyond firm level attributes and economic motivations to consider the impact of host country institutions on investment models of multinationals in developing countries. It adopts a comparative institutionalist perspective, and utilizes country and firm level variables to measure governance. These measures are then employed to predict innovation outcomes. This chapter demonstrates that host country institutions affect the likelihood of local innovation taking place, and its intensity. A variety of measures of institutional coherence are developed, and address such diverse concepts as intellectual property protection, corruption, democracy, and bureaucratic quality. In addition, firm surveys are used to convey firm perceptions of institutional quality in host countries. The chapter includes a discussion of the literature on firm entry modes, and considers how other host country attributes, such as education and human capital, may influence innovation outcomes alongside institutions.

Do international remittances accelerate out-farm labor migration in developing countries? A dynamic panel time-series analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayuba Seidu ◽  
Gulcan Onel ◽  
Charles B. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

PurposeA major policy issue facing leaders in the developing world is whether international migration, through remittances, contributes to the development process in migrant-sending communities or impedes the efficient allocation of labor and human capital at the origin countries. This study examines the impact of remittance inflows on out-farm migration of farm labor toward the nonfarm sector. Specifically, this study shows how international migrant remittances may alter the predictions of out-farm migration models by Harris–Todaro.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use unbalanced panel time-series data on 77 developing countries between 1991 and 2010 within a dynamic panel time-series framework to estimate the impact of remittances on the out-farm migration rate.FindingsThe authors find two competing effects of remittances on out-farm migration of labor in developing countries. First, remittances decelerate the out-farm migration rates by supplementing farm income and consumption expenditures. Second, remittances provide a source of investment in nonfarm activities that increase the rate of migration out of agriculture over time. Combining these effects, on average, our elasticity estimates indicate that a 10% increase in remittances reduces the migration out of agriculture, on average, by 0.5% in developing countries over time.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors findings align with the “developmentalist” or “optimistic” views of international migration. International migration, through remittances, help make the inevitable transition out of the farm sector smoother for developing countries.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to extend the empirical literature on macro-level determinants of out-farm migration within the Harris–Todaro framework to explicitly account for the impacts of remittances inflows into developing countries that the new economics of labor migration (NELM) theory hypothesizes.

scholarly journals Is There Any Role of Technological Inputs? A District-wise Analysis of Output Differential in Crop Sector

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (4II) ◽  
pp. 925-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Jalil Khan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The idea of inclusive growth has emerged over time that highlighted systematically excluded segments of society from enjoying the benefits of growth on the basis of religion, ethnicity or location. In Pakistan, districts-wise allocation and usage of technological inputs is the outcome of growth and the important contributing elements as well to enhance specifically crop sector output under the advancement in growth prospective. It is reported that crop sector output contributes around 40 percent of the total agricultural GDP,1 where 2/3rd belongs to Punjab.2 The introduction of advance technological inputs provides an opportunity to enhance production potentials of crop sector in different provinces and their respective districts because Pakistan is also facing the problem of low agricultural productivity in comparison to many developed and developing countries of the world.3 Secondly, the expansion of opportunities to enhance economic freedom in long run has been considered an important issue that needs to be addressed in inclusive growth process. Hence, understanding the interrelationship among different farm related inputs effecting crop sector would help to measure (i) the impact of increased total traditional and technological inputs; (ii) contributive aspects of both types of technological inputs; machine and bio-chemical; and (iii) districtwise differential especially considering their resource endowments and availability.

scholarly journals Finance and Trade: A Cross-Country Analysis on the Effect of Finance System on Export

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 5615-5619
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
High Employment ◽  
International Price ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Employment Potential ◽  
The Impact

Economy is helping to accumulate funds and supporting them in their efforts. Money constraints as a characteristic of the level of monetary development relate to profit and can even be a major determinant of the export performance of the company. The paper provides the investigation into the effects of the development of the country’s national economy on the company’s export sales with relevance to the money vulnerability of the industry, victimization firm level survey lined cross-country analysis of two developing countries. The study predicted that, in 2015-19, the impact of international price on India and China’s overall market oversees and exports 10 major divisions and estimates the impact of economic and sector-wide employment. It detects the pronounced impact of financial sector expansion by reporting that varied levels of collateralizable assets across industries to boot identifies vulnerable sectors with high employment potential for immediate policy interventions. For countries, the results are distinct from entirely different winning teams

scholarly journals Impact of farm protectionism on the use of agricultural inputs in Chile

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0107
Author(s):  
Gabriel Pino ◽  
Ariel Soto-Caro
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Agricultural Protectionism ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Despite evidence highlighting the multiple benefits that liberalization can have in the agricultural sector, agricultural protectionism is abundant, especially in developing countries. Chile provides an interesting case on this topic because it implemented an aggressive liberalization in the agricultural sector during the 1970s and 1980s. This paper analyzes the impact of farm protectionism on the use of agricultural inputs in Chile. To do this, we estimated partial elasticities of substitution by incorporating government protectionism as a factor for agricultural production. Our findings reveal that increased protectionism decreases agricultural labor and promotes the use of fixed capital. In contrast, protectionism has no effect on the use of working capital and land. This information shows a clear transference from the government to farmers. Furthermore, our results are useful for anticipating the effects that varying levels of government protectionism can have on the Chilean agricultural sector over time.

Financialisation, institutions and financing constraints in developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charilaos Mertzanis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financing Constraints ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Financial Depth ◽  
Level Information ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper uses a consistent firm-level data from the World Banks Enterprise Surveys to explore the impact of financialisation in the economy on firms’ access to finance in 138 developing countries. Access to finance reflects survey-based firms’ perceptions of external financing constraints. Financialisation is proxied by consistent cross-country measures of financial depth. These proxies capture separately the role of bank-based versus market-based financing. Firm-, sector- and country-level information is jointly used for the analysis. Firm-specific characteristics and economic and non-economic national factors are included as controls. The results show that the proxies of financialisation are broadly robust predictors of financing constraints of firms in developing countries. However, the magnitude of the financialisation effect varies between bank-based and market-based channels of financing as well as between low- and high-income countries, and it is influenced by social, institutional and religious factors.

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