Competition and Collaboration in the Venetian Book World from 1469 to the Early Sixteenth Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-205
Author(s):  
Catherine Kikuchi
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Book Industry ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Early History ◽  
Collaborative Networks ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
History Of ◽  
Book World ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Late Fifteenth

The early history of printing in Europe is one of great economic and commercial success, but also of significant risks taken by those involved. The supply of paper, essential to the functioning of a press, could cause conflicts and required constantly available capital: the profitability of the book industry depended on the growth of the market. In Venice, anyone could set up as a printer, creating competition that was strongly criticized by printers and booksellers in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. This prompted them to formulate the economic risks they faced in supplica addressed to the Venetian authorities, and to conceptualize the realities of their situation, especially in terms of competition. This word, always used in a pejorative sense, is nevertheless rare in both theoretical and practical documents of the time. However competitive this economic milieu was, it was counterbalanced by the necessity of collaboration, a phenomenon that can be studied through social network analysis. Trust was restored through the constitution of dense collaborative networks, in which competitors became partners. Yet this also enabled some actors to establish strong consortia, leading to the kind of oligopolistic economy typical of industries without state regulation.

The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche

1972 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. D. Newitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Set Up

The sultanate of Angoche on the Moçambique coast was founded probably towards the end of the fifteenth century by refugees from Kilwa. It became a base for Muslim traders who wanted to use the Zambezi route to the central African trading fairs and it enabled them to by-pass the Portuguese trade monopoly at Sofala. The Portuguese were not able to check this trade until they themselves set up bases on the Zambezi in the 1530s and 1540s, and from that time the sultanate began to decline. Internal dissensions among the ruling families led to the Portuguese obtaining control of the sultanate in the late sixteenth century, but this control was abandoned in the following century when the trade of the Angoche coast dwindled to insignificance. During the eighteenth century movements among the Macua peoples of the mainland and the development of the slave trade in the Indian Ocean laid the foundations for the revival of the sultanate in the nineteenth century.

Islam in Champa and the Making of Factitious History

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN G. HAW
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Early History ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Islamic

AbstractSince their first publication in 1922, two Islamic inscriptions formed an essential basis of the early history of Islam in Champa. Recently, however, they have been shown to have originated, not from Southeast Asia, but from Tunisia. It is clear that either there was an error regarding their provenance, or it was deliberately falsified. The implications of this are discussed, and the remaining evidence of early Islamic presence in Champa is reassessed. It is suggested that there is now no good evidence of any Islamic presence there until after the sixteenth century. In relation to this issue, the maritime links between China and the Islamic world are examined, as also are other examples of possible falsification of history.

New Light on the Career of Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán

1963 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Chipman
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Early History ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spanish Archives ◽  
Hernan Cortes

It is a notable fact that Nuño Beltrán de Guzman, whom many regard as second only in importance to Hernán Cortés in the early history of New Spain, should have escaped for so long the detailed attention of historians. Because of this neglect several false notions have gained currency. For instance, it has been customarily assumed that a Nuño de Guzmán, encomendero of Puerto Plata, Española, was the man who became governor of Panuco, president of the First Audiencia of New Spain, and governor of New Galicia; and wide acceptance has been given to the belief that the man who held these important positions in New Spain died a lonely, despised man in the royal prison of Torrejón de Velasco. Recent investigations by the author in the Spanish archives of Sevilla, Madrid, Guadalajara, and Simancas strongly suggest that the Nuño de Guzmán of Puerto Plata was not the same as the more famous Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán of Guadalajara, Spain, who held three important positions in sixteenth-century New Spain. This research has also lent new insights into the life of Nuño de Guzmán of Guadalajara before and after his career in the Indies.

New Light on the Early History of the Breve Compendio. The Background to the English Translation of 1612

1957 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.F. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Present Note ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of

Twenty-five years ago two scholars working independently published the results of their researches on the origin and early history of the late sixteenth century mystical treatise known as Breve compendio intorno alla perfezione cristiana. Marcel Viller S. J., in an article in Revue d'ascétique et de mystique (1931), settled the question of authorship and provided an invaluable account of the circumstances in which the treatise was composed. Jean Dagens, writing in Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique (1931) on Bérulle’s Bref discour de l'abnégation intérieure, which is based on the Breve compendio, discussed the history of the work in France. These two studies aroused considerable interest at the time and led to the publication of further articles and notes. Dagens summarises the results of this research in his chapter on the Bref discours in his recent extensive study, Bérulle et les origines de la restauration catholique, 1575–1611 (1952). After such thorough investigation it may seem doubtful whether any further really important discoveries are likely to be made, but within certain limits there is still scope for enquiry, and in the present note I want to discuss briefly an English translation of the Breve compendio, first published in 1612, which was unknown to Viller and Dagens. First it will be necessary to summarise what they say about the early history of the original work.

Cotton Textiles in England: the East India Company's Attempt to Exploit Developments in Fashion 1660-172

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey W. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Daniel Defoe ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Early History ◽  
East India Company ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Finishing Process ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Striking Success

Men and women who wish to uphold the interests of the textile trade should “make fashion follow the trade, and not trade the fashion,” declared Daniel Defoe in 1705. But long before this time the East India Company had discovered that the exploitation of fashion for profit is a more artful business than a mere dictatorship exercised by the “trade.” After 1660 the Company's policy regarding the import of cotton textiles was particularly concerned to influence the type and design of goods produced in India to make them serve current English needs and trends in taste. Striking success was achieved by the end of the century, but thereafter the flow of cotton manufactures was impeded by serious difficulties, chiefly the restrictions imposed on the trade by prohibition acts in 1701 and 1721, together with the competitive development of domestic calico-printing.The English had of course been familiar with cotton for several centuries before 1660, although the acquaintance brought little opportunity to build up technological skill in the processing of pure cotton goods from the raw state to the finished piece. Imports had included raw “cotton-wool” from the Levant for use in stuffing and quilting and fustians of European manufacture containing cotton. But probably it was not until the sixteenth century that a cotton weft was used in the production of domestic fustians, and not until the seventeenth that cotton was brought into linen and smallwares manufacturing. The early history of pure cotton fabrics in England is debatable ground, partly because of confusing terminology; so-called “cottons,” for instance, were produced in England before 1660, but the term is descriptive of the finishing process, or “cottoning,” rather than of content.

Mightier than the Sword: The Portuguese Pen in Ndau History

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 169-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth MacGonagle
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Early History ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Zambezi River

For scholars of southeastern Africa interested in the early history of the region, the pen of the Portuguese was indeed mightier than the sword. Although most of the first Portuguese arrivals carried either the sword or the cross, they put these down to wield the pen and leave a written record of their triumphs and travails. The documents left by Portuguese soldiers, religious men, and others in the service of the crown provide details that are relative not only to the Portuguese experience but also to African life. This paper focuses on Portuguese writings that describe the area around the port of Sofala and its hinterland, home to the Shona who live south of the Zambezi river on the central Mozambican coastal plain and the Zimbabwe plateau. Both around Sofala and further west in the interior the inhabitants speak Ndau, a dialect of the Shona language. The wealth of evidence left by the Portuguese since the sixteenth century sheds light on changes and continuities in Ndau history.The materials that have survived are amazingly detailed and informative despite their inherent biases. Historians have long recognized the prejudices of the colonizer either creeping into the documents or jumping off the page in a more blatant manner. The examples provided here are no different. The Portuguese, like other Europeans, had certain notions stemming from a Eurocentric mentality that was an integral part of their worldview. In these records, we see how the quest for gold and a ‘civilizing’ mission coalesced into systematic exploitation.

scholarly journals Challenging hegemony and power in the sixteenth century: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude as antecedent of critical public relations theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
César García
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Early History ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Passive Resistance ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Books ◽  
Public Relations Theory ◽  
Voluntary Servitude

This article applies La Boétie’s concept of voluntary servitude to public relations historiography through a historic-critical analysis. Written in the same Renaissance era than other early history books of the history of public relations such as Machiavelli’s The Prince, The discourse of voluntary servitude (1552-1553) reveals to the publics the power that would lie in their refusal to engage with the authority (or in other words, the state, the prince or the monarch). The result is that, through a postmodern approach of emphasizing dissensus, the concept of voluntary servitude and its encouragement of activism and passive resistance can be considered an early precedent of critical public relations theory. Furthermore, without being judgmental, La Boétie invites us to a reflection on the role of self-responsibility of the publics in their power relationships with organizations.

scholarly journals The History of Vilnius Old Jewish Cemetery at Šnipiškės in the Period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-92
Author(s):  
Elmantas Meilus
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Tax Exemptions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The recent international outcry concerning an old Jewish cemetery once again being destroyed in a former suburb of Vilnius, namely Šnipiškės (nowadays in the very centre of the city), forces us to revise the history of its origin and development in the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Summarizing the history of the cemetery, one plausible conclusion is that the cemetery was established on state-owned land in the jurisdiction of the Castle possibly in the late fifteenth century and the first reliable historical data goes back to the late sixteenth century in relation to tax exemptions. A comparison of historical, cartographic and archaeological data permits to make a valid assumption that the oldest burials from the second half of the sixteenth century were located in the south-western and central section of the cemetery based on the layout of 1808 (in the area between the Sports Hall and swimming pool built in the Soviet period). The cemetery developed gradually by acquiring separate state land plots belonging to the Castle Authority (Horodnictwo) and Forestry Authority (Derewnictwo) which were rented by different persons and by taking over payment of the taxes and fees they used to pay. The general situation of the cemetery at that period was marked in the plan from the Fürstenhof collection, drafted in approximately 1730. The Jewish cemetery was combined into one mas out of separate plots around 1790 in listing the urban possessions (land plots). Such situation was reflected in the layout of 1808 (possession no. 1116).

scholarly journals A Risky Enterprise: The Aldine Edition of Galen, the Failures of the Editors, and the Shadow of Erasmus of Rotterdam

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Perilli
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Desiderius Erasmus ◽  
The Political ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Fifteenth

AbstractThe Aldine edition of Galen, awaited for more than 25 years, was perhaps the most risky enterprise in the whole history of the publishing house, and it almost brought Aldus' heirs to bankruptcy. Although the editors were among the most renowned specialists of the time, the edition was harshly criticized by one former friend and collaborator of Aldus, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. Why? Was the edition so bad, were the manuscripts on which the edition was based responsible for its quality? Or were there other reasons for Erasmus' complaint? This paper tries to give some hints in order to answer such questions, arguing that the role of Erasmus in the assessment of the value of the edition should take us into Aldus' house in the period of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, and into the political and religious debate of the time.

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