scholarly journals Commercial Operator Liability in the New Space Era

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
Paul B. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
The Earth ◽  
New Space ◽  
International Laws

Both national and international laws apply to collisions by space vehicles and objects in outer space and with the surface of the Earth. International treaties govern collisions involving commercial operators from different states, while domestic laws govern claims by nationals against national commercial operators. Commercial operators may find themselves as defendants or become plaintiffs when others cause them damage. This essay discusses liability in the new space era from the point of view of these operators, including both outer space and surface liabilities. It examines liability exposure, describes different regimes governing liability, and identifies prospective legal changes.

scholarly journals Dynamic Equilibria in Statistical and Nonlinear Physics of Uniform Stress Rotating Space Elevators (USRSE)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Leonardo Golubovic ◽  
Steven Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Uniform Stress ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Equilibrium Configurations ◽  
Space Elevators ◽  
Dynamic Equilibria

The discovery of ultra-strong materials such as carbon nanotubes and diamond nano-thread structures has recently motivated an enhanced interest for the physics of Space Elevators connecting the Earth with outer space. A new concept has recently emerged in space elevator physics: Rotating Space Elevators (RSE) [Golubović, L. & Knudsen, S. (2009). Classical and statistical mechanics of celestial scale spinning strings: Rotating space elevators. Europhysics Letters 86(3), 34001.]. Objects sliding along rotating RSE string (sliding climbers) do not require internal engines or propulsion to be transported from the Earth's surface into outer space. Here we address the physics of a special RSE family, Uniform Stress Rotating Space Elevators (USRSE), characterized by constant tensile stress along the string. From the point of view of materials science, this condition provides the best control of string’s global integrity. We introduce an advanced analytic approach to obtain the dynamic equilibrium configurations of USRSE strings. We use our results to discuss the applications of USRSE for spacecraft launching.

scholarly journals Approach to detecting latent defects of the printed circuit boards thin-filmed coatings

2018 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Alexey Balastov ◽  
Boris Kovrigin ◽  
Valery Lavrinovich
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Switch Power Supply ◽  
Supply Systems

One of the main reasons for the space vehicles (SV) power supply systems failure is a secondary arc. In the statistics of fatal failures that can lead to the SV loss, the failure rate of the power supply systems is 9%, but despite this, there are no standard methods for diagnosing the on-board equipment for the arc stability, due to the relative novelty of the problem. The problem we encountered is associated with the need to switch power supply systems to the voltage levels that are much higher than the arc voltage in the space vacuum. From the point of view of the defects downing that can lead to arcing, the most vulnerable are the insulation coatings. Therefore, a significant part of the problem solution is concentrated in the development of the specific methods for these coatings diagnostics. In space technology, such diagnostics significance is increased due to the inability to provide necessary repairs or services in the outer space.

scholarly journals Právní režim přírodních zdrojů na nebeských tělesech

AUC IURIDICA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Šimon Pepřík
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
International Law ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Moon ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Outer Space Treaty

The aim of this article is to describe the legal regime of the natural resources of celestial bodies. In recent months and years, there has been an increase in debates regarding mining on the moon and asteroids. This article is dedicated to the analysis of the legal regime of such activities. In particular, whether such activities are possible from the point of view of international law, how they are regulated and what are the potential future developments in this area. The article offers an analysis and comparison of the legal regime governing the natural resources of celestial bodies based on the Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Agreement, respectively. The Moon Agreement is given special attention despite its limited international significance, and arguments are presented in favour of its possible recognition by more states in the future. In both cases, arguments are presented that the non-appropriation principle regarding the outer space and celestial bodies, as expressed in both international treaties, does not apply to the natural resources.

Big Numbers in a Classroom Model

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-19
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Brumaugh
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
Daily Exposure ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Celestial Bodies

Almost daily exposure to activities in outer space arouses children's interest in the “big numbers,” referring to great distances between the earth and other celestial bodies. Space vehicles have visited several of the solar planets, the sizes of which, likewise, lend themselves to studying numerical values different from most everyday activities of earthbound children. The writing of numerals representing these measurements can have much more meaning and significance if the major bodies of the solar system are assembled in a proportional physical display representing sizes of the bodies and the distances between them.

Seti Space Missions

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 761-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Maccone
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Gravitational Lens ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Space Antenna ◽  
Focal Distance ◽  
Large Space ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Space Antennas ◽  
New Space

AbstractSETI from space is currently envisaged in three ways: i) by large space antennas orbiting the Earth that could be used for both VLBI and SETI (VSOP and RadioAstron missions), ii) by a radiotelescope inside the Saha far side Moon crater and an Earth-link antenna on the Mare Smythii near side plain. Such SETIMOON mission would require no astronaut work since a Tether, deployed in Moon orbit until the two antennas landed softly, would also be the cable connecting them. Alternatively, a data relay satellite orbiting the Earth-Moon Lagrangian pointL2would avoid the Earthlink antenna, iii) by a large space antenna put at the foci of the Sun gravitational lens: 1) for electromagnetic waves, the minimal focal distance is 550 Astronomical Units (AU) or 14 times beyond Pluto. One could use the huge radio magnifications of sources aligned to the Sun and spacecraft; 2) for gravitational waves and neutrinos, the focus lies between 22.45 and 29.59 AU (Uranus and Neptune orbits), with a flight time of less than 30 years. Two new space missions, of SETI interest if ET’s use neutrinos for communications, are proposed.

Radiation Damage in Ceramics

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 600-603
Author(s):  
T. E. Mitchell ◽  
M. R. Pascucci ◽  
R. A. Youngman
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nuclear Waste Storage ◽  
Waste Storage ◽  
Storage Media ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fundamental Point ◽  
Small Defect ◽  
Present Understanding

1. Introduction. Studies of radiation damage in ceramics are of interest not only from a fundamental point of view but also because it is important to understand the behavior of ceramics in various practical radiation enyironments- fission and fusion reactors, nuclear waste storage media, ion-implantation devices, outer space, etc. A great deal of work has been done on the spectroscopy of point defects and small defect clusters in ceramics, but relatively little has been performed on defect agglomeration using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the same kind of detail that has been so successful in metals. This article will assess our present understanding of radiation damage in ceramics with illustrations using results obtained from the authors' work.

Some Issues of Repairing Manned Space Vehicles in Outer Space Using Electron Beam Welding

2021 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
Leonid M. Lobanov ◽  
E.A. Asnis ◽  
Ye.G. Ternovy ◽  
Yu.V. Zubchenko ◽  
I.I. Statkevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Electron Beam Welding ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Beam Power ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
Automatic Mode ◽  
Manned Space ◽  
Robotic Devices ◽  
New Generation

A new generation of electron beam tool for welding during assembly and repair-restoration works on board of manned space vehicles in open space was demonstrated. The tool includes a small-sized electron beam gun (EBG) with an electron beam power of up to 2.5 kW and a high-voltage power source with a voltage of 10 kV. The design of the electron-optical system of EBG allows using it in both manual as well as in automatic mode applying robotic devices. Applying the manufactured EBG and manipulator, in vacuum chamber the works on simulating the repair of a spacecraft’s section of aluminum 2219 alloy were carried out. The obtained results of studying the structure and mechanical characteristics and also sealing of welds confirmed the high quality of welded joints and a reliability of the technology for repairing a damaged fragment of a spacecraft's body using electron beam welding.

Between the pure and the impure: The peculiar case of the homo sacer

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 219-228
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Homo Sacer ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Peculiar Case

Abstract According to Durkheim, the notion of ‘sacred’ is per se ambivalent, because it includes antinomic notions such as the pure and the impure. This theory would be justified by the original ambiguity of the Latin sacer. Only one case is always quoted: the peculiar condition of the homo sacer, a criminal consecrated to the gods. But the ambiguity of the sacer is not a problem for the Romans. The uncertainties of modern interpretation stem from the fact that this consecratio of a criminal is often explained as a sacrifice, but the destiny of the homo sacer is more analogous to the fate reserved for the violators of international treaties: on the profane side, the culprit is deprived of his citizenship and becomes a foreigner. Nor, however, is he accepted by enemies. In the same way, from an anthropological point of view, the consecrated person stays on a liminal stage: he remains forever in an uncertain gap between the sphere of men and the world of the gods. There is no ambiguity of the sacred because the homo sacer could not really reach the gods or pollute them.

scholarly journals Geosystemics and Earthquakes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo De Santis ◽  
Gianfranco Cianchini ◽  
Rita Di Giovambattista ◽  
Cristoforo Abbattista ◽  
Lucilla Alfonsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Solid Earth ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Complex Dynamical System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth’S Interior

Abstract. Geosystemics (De Santis 2009, 2014) studies the Earth system as a whole focusing on the possible coupling among the Earth layers (the so called geo-layers), and using universal tools to integrate different methods that can be applied to multi-parameter data, often taken on different platforms. Its main objective is to understand the particular phenomenon of interest from a holistic point of view. In this paper we will deal with earthquakes, considered as a long term chain of processes involving, not only the interaction between different components of the Earth’s interior, but also the coupling of the solid earth with the above neutral and ionized atmosphere, and finally culminating with the main rupture along the fault of concern (De Santis et al., 2015a). Some case studies (particular emphasis is given to recent central Italy earthquakes) will be discussed in the frame of the geosystemic approach for better understanding the physics of the underlying complex dynamical system.

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