Somali Ventures in China: Trade and Mobility in a Transnational Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Lochery
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Career Path ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
The West ◽  
China Trade ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Trading Economy

Abstract:Research on Somali mobility and migration has predominantly focused on forced migration from Somalia and diaspora communities in Western Europe and North America, neglecting other experiences and destinations. This article traces the journeys of Somali traders from East Africa to China, mapping the growth of a transnational trading economy that has offered a stable career path to a few but a chance to scrape by for many others. Understandings of migration and mobility must encompass these precarious terrains, allowing for a richer examination of how individuals have navigated war, displacement, and political and economic change by investing in transnational livelihoods, not just via ties to the West, but through the myriad connections linking African economies to the Gulf and Asia.

scholarly journals Decolonization, the Cold War, and Africans’ routes to higher education overseas, 1957–65

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-191
Author(s):  
Eric Burton
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Cold War ◽  
North America ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
African Students ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Gain Access

AbstractFrom the late 1950s, Africans seeking higher education went to a rapidly increasing number of destinations, both within Africa and overseas. Based on multi-sited archival research and memoirs, this article shows how Africans forged and used new routes to gain access to higher education denied to them in their territories of origin, and in this way also shaped scholarship policies across the globe. Focusing on British-ruled territories in East Africa, the article establishes the importance of African intermediaries and independent countries as hubs of mobility. The agency of students and intermediaries, as well as official responses, are examined in three interconnected cases: the clandestine ‘Nile route’ from East Africa to Egypt and eastern Europe; the ‘airlifts’ from East Africa to North America; and the ‘exodus’ of African students from the Eastern bloc to western Europe. Although all of these routes were short-lived, they transformed official scholarship provisions, and significantly shaped the postcolonial period in the countries of origin.

Early Contact and Migration

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Fawn Chung
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
West Coast ◽  
American West ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
The West ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Chain Migration ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
And Migration

This chapter focuses on the early contact between Chinese and Americans, the lumber trade, the Chinese immigration to the American West, the recruitment of workers to North America, chain migration, and the importance of early Chinese organizations. It examines why and how the Chinese first came to the American West, what kinds of organizations they established, how they were recruited for work, and what they contributed to the building of the new frontier. It also considers how trade between the West Coast and China, and especially the latter's eastern coastal cities, developed and shows that most Chinese immigrants harbored the “American dream” and thus came voluntarily to the American West. Finally, it discusses some of the factors that worked against the Chinese's acculturation and assimilation, including, language and value differences.

Martin Luther and the Rise of World Christianities

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Erling
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Faith Communities ◽  
The West ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Faith Traditions ◽  
Theological Foundations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Input ◽  
And Migration

Scholars use the concept of World Christianity both to account for the growth of Christianity beyond Western Christendom and to recognize the changing map of vitality and leadership within Christian churches beyond the European and North American context. Scholars who use this concept have also committed to documenting the history of all of the churches around the world, making special efforts thereby not only to note the contributions of founders and missionary agencies, but also to investigate the important input of local teachers, evangelists, and pastors, so that a more inclusive history may be made available to these faith communities for their own self-understanding and direction. The spread of Christianity beyond the borders of Europe, a subject once envisioned by Kenneth Latourette as the result of the great century of missionary advance, cannot be understood solely as the accomplishment of the Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries sent from western Europe and North America. Through all the centuries of Christian expansion and migration, scholars need to document and explain not only the theological foundations of various faith traditions, but also how multiple Christianities have adapted and thrived and become rooted in multiple cultural contexts, and exhibit a special vibrancy today in the postcolonial, post-missionary churches in Africa and Asia. Luther’s influence on the rise of World Christianities is an important element in the vitality of contemporary churches in Africa and Asia, but his theological contribution to Christianity beyond the West awaits a fuller articulation and application to the questions and concerns of these emerging centers of Christianity.

scholarly journals Adversity in pastoral leadership: Are pastors leaving the ministry in record numbers, and if so, why?

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Elkington
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Pastoral Leadership ◽  
Career Path ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
The West ◽  
Vocational Ministry ◽  
Post Modernism ◽  
Declining Attendance ◽  
The Church

As churches in the West grapple with the rising tide of secularism, post-modernism and individualised spirituality, the leaders of those churches become casualties of these macro-environmental factors. Statistics show that three pastors in North America leave the vocational ministry every day to move into a different career path. This ongoing loss of leadership must prove detrimental for churches, which in turn are confronting declining attendance figures, declining income and low volunteerism from the membership. It would seem that pastoral leadership is vital to the health and sustenance of the church, and yet churches all over North America are losing pastoral leadership on a daily basis. This article attempts, through the use of Osmer�s heuristic, to review why it is that pastors are leaving the ministry and what might be done to stem that tide. A missional ontology in contrast to a Christendom ontology together with a review of workplace adversity and the Scriptural data on suffering in the ministry are developed for the reader as potential solutions to stem the tide.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yossi Harpaz
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
The West ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Dual Citizenship ◽  
Practical Usefulness ◽  
The World ◽  
Strategic Acquisition

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the rise of dual citizenship. For most of the twentieth century, citizenship was an exclusive bond between an individual and a state. Countries refused to share their citizens with other countries just like they do not share their territories. Since the 1990s, however, the principle of exclusive citizenship has been abandoned, and dozens of countries moved to permit dual citizenship. Today, toleration of multiple citizenship has become the norm, and tens of millions of persons around the world hold citizenship in two—sometimes even three or four—countries. The legitimation and proliferation of multiple citizenships is creating new realities on the ground, reshaping patterns of international migration, political participation, global security, and ethnic relations. Previous studies mostly examined dual citizenship in the context of immigration to Western Europe and North America. This book focuses instead on the strategic acquisition of dual citizenship by nonimmigrants from outside the West. Once one shifts the empirical focus, a crucial but overlooked aspect comes into sharp relief: the disparity in the value of the “citizenship packages” that different countries offer, and the tremendous practical usefulness that a second citizenship from a more developed country may provide.

scholarly journals Afrasian Entanglements and Generic Ambiguities in Sultan Somjee’s Bead Bai

Matatu ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-207
Author(s):  
Delphine Munos
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Creative Nonfiction ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Novel ◽  
African Women ◽  
Community Living ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ethnographic Fiction

Abstract This article looks at Sultan Somjee’s Bead Bai (2012) which focuses on Sakina, a member of the Satpanth Ismaili community living in mid-twentieth century Kenya. Based on nine years of research and interviews with Khoja women who now reside in Western Europe and North America, Bead Bai is generally described as a “historical novel” or an “ethnographic fiction,” yet it also can be thought of as pertaining to the genre of what Brett Smith et al. (2015) call “ethnographic creative nonfiction.” I discuss the ways in which the ‘genre-bending’ aspects of Bead Bai participate in retracing the little-known history of Afrasian entanglements for Asian African women who sorted out, arranged and looked after ethnic beads during colonial times in East Africa. More specifically, I will suggest that, by toying with the boundary between fiction and ethnography, Somjee opens new gendered avenues for reinserting the category of the imaginary at the heart of Afrasian entanglements.

Chains to the West: Markov's Theory of Connected Events and Its Transmission to Western Europe

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Link
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Russian Mathematician ◽  
The West ◽  
Experimental Application ◽  
First Time ◽  
Empirical Material

ArgumentAt the beginning of the twentieth century, the Russian mathematician Andrey A. Markov extended the laws of the calculus of probability to trials that were dependent on each other, purely theoretically. In two articles from 1913, which are presented here in English translation, he applied his theory for the first time to empirical material, namely text. After a presentation of Markov's methods, results, and possible inspirations, the introduction investigates the dissemination of his ideas to Western Europe and North America in detail. The experimental application of his method to various types of text finally determines its scope.

Asterozoa and the Study of Palaeozoic Faunas

1950 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 393-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
British Association ◽  
Lower Palaeozoic ◽  
And Migration

AbstractThis paper is an elaboration of the author's contribution to the 1938 British Association discussion on the distribution and migration of British Lower Palaeozoic faunas. It concerns mainly the faunas of Western Europe and North America and presents in summary the author's conclusions regarding faunal affinities and directions of immigration of the Asterozoan element in those areas. There is a notable agreement with Stubblefield's conclusions regarding the trilobite element, especially as concerns the Ordovician. The scope of the discussion is here extended to include notes on Devonian and Carboniferous faunas and some Cystid references. The paper concludes with some systematic notes, and three new generic names are proposed.

West coast North America record of the Paleogene marine stromboid gastropodRimellaand paleobiogeography of the genus

2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 826-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Squires
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
New Combination ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
Early Paleocene ◽  
First Time

The west coast of North America record of the shallow-marine stromboid gastropod genusRimellaAgassiz, 1841 is restudied for the first time in 90 years. This genus comprises a small group of Paleogene gastropods characterized by having an ornamented fusiform shell, a posterior canal ascending the spire, and simple (non-flared) outer lip.Rimella, whose familial ranking has been inconsistent, is placed here in family Rostellariidae Gabb, 1868, subfamily Rimellinae Stewart, 1927.EctinochilusCossmann, 1889;MacilentosClark and Palmer, 1923;VaderosClark and Palmer, 1923; andCowlitziaClark and Palmer, 1923 are recognized here as junior synonyms ofRimella. Four species are recognized from the west coast of North America: early to middle EoceneRimella macilentaWhite, 1889; early EoceneRimella oregonensisTurner, 1938; middle to late EoceneRimella supraplicata(Gabb, 1864) new combination, of whichRostellaria canaliferGabb, 1864,Cowlitizia washingtonensisClark and Palmer, 1923, andCowlitzia problematicaHanna, 1927 are recognized here as junior synonyms; and late EoceneRimella elongataWeaver, 1912.Rimellawas a warm-water gastropod whose earliest known record is of early Paleocene (Danian) age in Pakistan. Other than the west coast of North America,Rimellais found in Eocene strata in western Europe, Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan, southeastern United States, Panama, Peru, and, to a lesser degree, in Trinidad, Columbia, Java, and New Zealand. Global cooling near the end of the Eocene greatly diminished the genus. Its youngest known occurrences are of early Oligocene age in Germany, Italy, England, and Peru.

Western Europe and a “New World” of Profit

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Carlen
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
New World ◽  
The West ◽  
European Colonialism

The extraordinary impact of the heyday of European colonialism (16th to 19th centuries) is unquestionable: Of the four continents that were relatively unknown to the West prior to colonialism, three—Australia, North America, and South America—were entirely transformed in the image of their colonizers. As this chapter demonstrates, not only were European entrepreneurs the primary beneficiaries of colonialism but, in many vital respects, their countries’ settlement of “new” territories would not have been possible without entrepreneurial labor and capital.

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