scholarly journals Methodological Challenges in Estimating the Lifetime Medical Care Cost Externality of Obesity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Robert C. Schell ◽  
David R. Just ◽  
David A. Levitsky
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Lifetime Cost ◽  
Medical Care Cost ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Medical Care Costs ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Fundamental Misunderstanding

Abstract There is a great deal of variability in estimates of the lifetime medical care cost externality of obesity, partly due to a lack of transparency in the methodology behind these cost models. Several important factors must be considered in producing the best possible estimate, including age-related weight gain, differential life expectancy, identifiability, and cost model selection. In particular, age-related weight gain represents an important new component to recent cost estimates. Without accounting for age-related weight gain, a study relies on the untenable assumption that people remain the same weight throughout their lives, leading to a fundamental misunderstanding of the evolution and development of the obesity crisis. This study seeks to inform future researchers on the best methods and data available both to estimate age-related weight gain and to accurately and consistently estimate obesity’s lifetime external medical care costs. This should help both to create a more standardized approach to cost estimation as well as encourage more transparency between all parties interested in the question of obesity’s lifetime cost and, ultimately, evaluating the benefits and costs of interventions targeting obesity at various points in the life course.

scholarly journals ESTIMATING CAPITAL AND OPERATIONAL COSTS OF BACKHOE SHOVELS

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Reza Sayadi ◽  
Ali Lashgari ◽  
Mohammad Majid Fouladgar ◽  
Miroslaw J. Skibniewski
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Optimum Type

Material loading is one of the most critical operations in earthmoving projects. A number of different equipment is available for loading operations. Project managers should consider different technical and economic issues at the feasibility study stage and try to select the optimum type and size of equipment fleet, regarding the production needs and project specifications. The backhoe shovel is very popular for digging, loading and flattening tasks. Adequate cost estimation is one of the most critical tasks in feasibility studies of equipment fleet selection. This paper presents two different cost models for the preliminary and detailed feasibility study stages. These models estimate the capital and operating cost of backhoe shovels using uni-variable exponential regression (UVER) as well as multi-variable linear regression (MVLR), based on principal component analysis. The UVER cost model is suitable for quick cost estimation at the early stages of project evaluation, while the MVLR cost function, which is more detailed, can be useful for the feasibility study stage. Independent variables of MVLR include bucket size, digging depth, dump height, weight and power. Model evaluations show that these functions could be a credible tool for cost estimations in prefeasibility and feasibility studies of mining and construction projects.

Cost Estimation Model Based on Improved Spreadsheet Algorithm for Assembly Line Manufacturing Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 2173-2177
Author(s):  
Bin Zeng ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Chao Yang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Manufacturing Systems ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Stochastic Variation ◽  
Virtual Plant ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Cost Estimation Model

Traditionally assembly cost models are established through static spreadsheet algorithms. However, there are some inherent problems in using spreadsheets for the estimation of manufacturing cost. Among these is the lack of accounting for dynamic effects caused by stochastic variation such as inventory fluctuation, downtimes, supply interruptions, and system failures. Therefore, a dynamic cost estimation model is proposed which can be seen as an integration method between spreadsheet modeling and the virtual plant concept, which maintained the accessibility and flexibility of the spreadsheet model, and did not require a significant increase in the effort level to build a simulation. However, it still includes the effects of interaction between machines, along with simulating random failures, maintenance dispatch and repair. A case study is also tested and the results verify that the methodology demonstrates the feasibility of dynamic cost model based on a number of improvements on static spreadsheet algorithms

scholarly journals Effects of weight gain on medical care costs

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1365-1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Elmer ◽  
J B Brown ◽  
G A Nichols ◽  
G Oster
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Medical Care Costs ◽  
Care Costs

scholarly journals A Micro-Level Compensation-Based Cost Model for Resource Allocation in a Fog Environment

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 2954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudheer Kumar Battula ◽  
Saurabh Garg ◽  
Ranesh Kumar Naha ◽  
Parimala Thulasiraman ◽  
Ruppa Thulasiram
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Allocation Algorithms

Fog computing aims to support applications requiring low latency and high scalability by using resources at the edge level. In general, fog computing comprises several autonomous mobile or static devices that share their idle resources to run different services. The providers of these devices also need to be compensated based on their device usage. In any fog-based resource-allocation problem, both cost and performance need to be considered for generating an efficient resource-allocation plan. Estimating the cost of using fog devices prior to the resource allocation helps to minimize the cost and maximize the performance of the system. In the fog computing domain, recent research works have proposed various resource-allocation algorithms without considering the compensation to resource providers and the cost estimation of the fog resources. Moreover, the existing cost models in similar paradigms such as in the cloud are not suitable for fog environments as the scaling of different autonomous resources with heterogeneity and variety of offerings is much more complicated. To fill this gap, this study first proposes a micro-level compensation cost model and then proposes a new resource-allocation method based on the cost model, which benefits both providers and users. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm ensures better resource-allocation performance and lowers application processing costs when compared to the existing best-fit algorithm.

Abstract P155: Cardiovascular Health at Young and Middle Ages and Medical Care Costs at Old Age

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuiping Schiman ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Tina Shih ◽  
Lihui Zhao ◽  
Martha Daviglus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Home Health ◽  
Medical Care Cost ◽  
High Risk Factors ◽  
Medical Care Costs ◽  
Care Costs

Introduction: We investigate the association between cardiovascular health at young and middle age and medical care costs and utilization in old age. Methods: We linked Chicago Heart Association (CHA) study participants’ baseline cardiovascular health (CVH) (18-59 yrs) to their Medicare claims (1991-2010) for all Part A and Part B services, including inpatient and skilled nursing facility, outpatient, home health, durable medical equipment, and hospice care. Baseline CVH is a composite measure of BP, cholesterol, diabetes, BMI, and smoking and is divided into four strata representing increasing burden. Medical care utilization (e.g., admissions and visits) and costs (in 2010 dollars) were calculated from the claims. We analyzed both the overall costs and the composition of costs among various medical care services and by CVD (non-CVD) morbidity and sex. Conditional quantile regressions were used to estimate the association between increased CVH and costs and negative binomial regressions were used for the number of inpatient admissions and outpatient visits, and the length of inpatient or hospice stay. Results: Among the 22,236 participants (222,816 person-years) 41.7% are female, 5.7% had favorable levels of all factors, 19.6% had 1+ risk factors at elevated levels, 40.9% had 1 high risk factor, and 33.7% had 2+ high risk factors. The median (mean) health care costs over the sample is $12,477 ($189,598) per person year in 2010 dollars, poorer CVH was associated with higher total medical care costs and a greater proportion of spending on home health visits (Figure). A greater CVH burden was associated with greater utilization and length of stay. Individuals with 2+ high risk factors on average have 0.22 more inpatient admissions per year and their inpatient stay is almost 2.91 days longer per year than individuals with favorable CVH. Conclusion: Unfavorable CVH early in life is associated with higher medical care cost burden in old age. Future interventions to improve CVH may result in reduced healthcare costs and utilization.

A Web-Based Process for Creating Parametric Cost Models for Product Design Trade Studies

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre E. Gue´rinot ◽  
Gregory M. Roach ◽  
Jordan J. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Cost

This paper proposes a method for creating a parametric cost model established on the foundation of the product design generator methodology to provide early estimates of production cost and manufacturing cycle-time during preliminary design. This is accomplished by capturing the manufacturing process and knowledge associated with the product and its production. The relationships between design decisions and manufacturing costs are explicitly exposed making the cost estimation process reusable and repeatable. Designers can now clearly assess the profitability of their design, identify appropriate trade-offs between engineering requirements and production costs, and alter the design accordingly.

scholarly journals Medical Care Costs Associated With Long-term Weight Maintenance Versus Weight Gain Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes Care ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1981-1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Nichols ◽  
Kelly Bell ◽  
Teresa M. Kimes ◽  
Maureen O’Keeffe-Rosetti
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Medical Care Costs ◽  
Care Costs

Software Cost Estimation

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-31
Author(s):  
Panagiota Chatzipetrou
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Error Characteristic ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Software Cost Estimation ◽  
Software Cost

Software cost estimation (SCE) is a critical phase in software development projects. A common problem in building software cost models is that the available datasets contain projects with lots of missing categorical data. There are several techniques for handling missing data in the context of SCE. The purpose of this article is to show a state-of-art statistical and visualization approach of evaluating and comparing the effect of missing data on the accuracy of cost estimation models. Five missing data techniques were used: multinomial logistic regression, listwise deletion, mean imputation, expectation maximization and regression imputation; and compared with respect to their effect on the prediction accuracy of a least squares regression cost model. The evaluation is based on various expressions of the prediction error. The comparisons are conducted using statistical tests, resampling techniques and visualization tools like the regression error characteristic curves.

Differences in medical care costs for recurrent versus de novo stage IV cancer by age at diagnosis.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6611-6611
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Banegas ◽  
Michael J. Hassett ◽  
Paul A Fishman ◽  
Mark C. Hornbrook ◽  
Nikki M Carroll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Medical Care Cost ◽  
Medical Care Costs ◽  
Recurrent Breast ◽  
Care Costs ◽  
Cost Differences

6611 Background: To address the paucity of data on costs of cancer recurrence, this study estimated medical care costs of patients diagnosed with recurrent breast, colorectal or lung cancer, and compared costs to patients diagnosed with de novo stage IV disease. Methods: Data from patients enrolled in three health plans who were diagnosed with de novo stage IV or recurrent breast (nstage IV = 352; nrecurrent= 765), colorectal (nstage IV = 1072 and nrecurrent= 542) and lung (nstage IV = 4042 and nrecurrent= 339) cancers between 2000-2012 were used to estimate total medical care costs in the 12 months preceding (pre-index), month of index, and 12 months following (post-index) diagnosis/recurrence date. Cancer patients were identified using tumor registry data. Recurrent cancers were validated by medical record abstraction and the RECUR algorithms –innovative tools to detect recurrence using claims and electronic health record data. We used generalized linear repeated measures regression models controlling for demographic and comorbidity variables to estimate costs (2012 US$), stratified by age at diagnosis (ages < 65, ≥65). Results: Medical care cost differences in the pre-index period indicate higher costs for recurrent cancer patients than for stage IV breast (Age < 65:+$2550; Age ≥65: +$1254), colorectal (Age < 65:+$3295; Age ≥65: +$1653), and lung cancer patients (Age < 65:+$3232; Age ≥65: +$2340). Conversely, in the index and post-index periods, costs for stage IV cancers were higher than recurrent cancer costs. Specifically, post-index period cost differences indicate higher costs for stage IV patients than for recurrent breast (Age < 65:+$683; Age ≥65: +$1172), colorectal (Age < 65:+$3104; Age ≥65: +$1557), and lung cancer patients (Age < 65:+$1136; Age ≥65: +$1103). Conclusions: Our study provides medical care cost estimates of recurrent and de novo stage IV cancers. Cost differences between recurrent and stage IV cancers reveal heterogeneity in care patterns that merits further investigation. The reported study costs, measured in capitated care systems using standardized fee-for-service reimbursement coefficients, may serve as a benchmark for stage-specific phase-of-care oncology episode payment models.

Medical-Care Costs Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Vietnam Veterans

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 954-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Marshall ◽  
Anthony F. Jorm ◽  
David A. Grayson ◽  
Brian I. O'Toole
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Vietnam Veterans ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Medical Care Cost ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Medical Care Costs ◽  
Care Costs

Objective: This study examined the relationship between medical-care costs of Vietnam veterans and predictor factors, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: We merged medical-care cost data from the Department of Veterans' Affairs and the Health Insurance Commission with data from an epidemiological study of 641 Australian Vietnam veterans. Posttraumatic stress disorder and other factors were examined as predictors of medical-care cost using regression analysis. Results: We found that a diagnosis of PTSD was associated with medical costs 60% higher than average. Those costs appeared to be partly associated with higher treatment costs for physical conditions in those with PTSD and also related mental health comorbidities. Major predictors of medical-care cost were age ($137 per year for each 5-year increase in age) and number of diagnoses reported ($81 to $112 per year for each diagnosis). Mental health factors such as depression ($14 per year for each symptom reported) and anxiety ($27 per year for each symptom reported) were also important predictors. Conclusions: The findings indicate that, however they are incurred, high healthcare and, presumably, also economic and personal costs are associated with PTSD. There is an important social obligation as well as substantial economic reasons to deal with these problems. From both perspectives, continued efforts to identify and implement effective prevention and treatment programs are warranted.

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