Long-term trends in the fiscal history of the Netherlands, 1515–1913

“Theoretically all Children are Equal. Practically this can Never be So”: The History of the District Property Tax in California and the Choice of Inequality

Teachers College Record ◽

10.1177/016146812012200201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 122 (2) ◽

pp. 1-32

Author(s):

Matthew Gardner Kelly

Keyword(s):

School Finance ◽

Research Question ◽

Property Tax ◽

School Funding ◽

State Governments ◽

Property Taxation ◽

History Of ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

Funding Disparities

Background/Context Dealing mostly in aggregate statistics that mask important regional variations, scholars often assume that district property taxation and the resource disparities this approach to school funding creates are deeply rooted in the history of American education. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This article explores the history of district property taxation and school funding disparities in California during the 19th and 20th centuries. First, the article documents the limited use of district property taxation for school funding in California and several other Western states during the 19th century, showing that the development of school finance was more complicated than standard accounts suggest. Then, the article examines how a coalition of experts, activists, and politicians worked together during the early 20th century to promote district property taxation and institutionalize the idea that the wealth of local communities, rather than the wealth of the entire state, should determine the resources available for public schooling. Research Design This article draws on primary source documents from state and regional archives, including district-level funding data from nine Northern California counties, to complete a historical analysis. Conclusions/Recommendations The history of California's district property tax suggests the need for continued research on long-term trends in school finance and educational inequality. Popular accounts minimizing the historical role of state governments in school funding obscure how public policies, not just market forces shaping property values, create funding inequalities. In turn, these accounts communicate powerful messages about the supposed inevitability of funding disparities and the responsibility of state governments to correct them. Through increased attention to long-term trends in school funding, scholars can help popular commentators and policymakers avoid assumptions that naturalize inequality and narrow the possibilities for future funding reforms.

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LONG-TERM TRENDS IN MARITAL STATUS MORTALITY DIFFERENCES IN THE NETHERLANDS 1850–1970

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932001002796 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 279-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

FRANS VAN POPPEL ◽

INEZ JOUNG

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Marital Status ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Relative Increase ◽

World War ◽

Men And Women ◽

Married Men ◽

Long Term Trends

This article describes the long-term trends in marital status mortality differences in the Netherlands using a unique dataset relating to the period 1850–1970. Poisson regression analysis was applied to calculate relative mortality risks by marital status. For two periods, cause-of-death by marital status could be used. Clear differences in mortality by marital status were observed, with strongly increasing advantages for married men and women and a relative increase in the mortality of widowed compared with non-married people. Excess mortality among single and formerly married men and women was visible in many cause-of-death categories, and this became more widespread during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Hypotheses are formulated that might explain why married men and women underwent a stronger decrease in mortality up until the end of World War II.

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11. The United Kingdom: Towards a Parting of the Ways

The Member States of the European Union ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198737391.003.0011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 257-279

Author(s):

Anand Menon ◽

Luigi Scazzieri

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Public Opinion ◽

Institutional Development ◽

The European Union ◽

Integration Process ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

History Of ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

The Uk

This chapter examines the history of the United Kingdom’s relationship with the European integration process. The chapter dissects the long-term trends in public opinion and the more contingent, short-term factors that led to the referendum vote to leave the European Union. The UK was a late joiner and therefore unable to shape the early institutional development of the EEC. British political parties and public opinion were always ambiguous about membership and increasingly Eurosceptic from the early 1990s. Yet the UK had a significant impact on the EU’s development, in the development of the single market programme and eastward enlargement. If Brexit goes through, Britain will nevertheless maintain relations with the EU in all policy areas from agriculture to energy and foreign policy. Europeanization will remain a useful theoretical tool to analyse EU–UK relations even if the UK leaves the Union.

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Music and cremation rituals in The Netherlands: A fine-grained analysis of a crematorium’s playlist

Digital Scholarship in the Humanities ◽

10.1093/llc/fqy068 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 806-817

Author(s):

Doris van der Smissen ◽

Margaret A Steenbakker ◽

Martin J M Hoondert ◽

Menno M van Zaanen

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Computational Analysis ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Close Reading ◽

Musical Analysis ◽

Fine Grained ◽

History Of ◽

Multi Method Approach ◽

Method Approach

Abstract Although music is an important part of cremation rituals, there is hardly any research regarding music and cremations. This lack of research has inspired the authors to conduct a long-term research project, focusing on musical and linguistic aspects of music played during cremations. This article presents the analysis of a playlist consisting of twenty-five sets of music, each consisting of three tracks, used in a crematorium in the south of The Netherlands from 1986 onward. The main objective is to identify the differences and similarities of the twenty-five sets of musical tracks regarding content and musical properties. Consequently, we aim to provide insight in the history of (music played during) cremation rituals in The Netherlands. To analyze the musical properties of the sets, the authors use both a qualitative approach (close reading and musical analysis) and a computational analysis approach. The article demonstrates that a combination of a close reading and musical analysis and a computational analysis is necessary to explain the differences in properties of the sets. The presented multi-method approach may allow for comparisons against musical preferences in the context of current cremations, which makes it possible to trace the development of music and cremation rituals.

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Economics and evolution

The Paleontological Society Special Publications ◽

10.1017/s2475262200008583 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 298-298

Author(s):

Geerat J. Vermeij

Keyword(s):

Energy Use ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Ripple Effect ◽

Use Of Resources ◽

Economic Interpretation ◽

History Of ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

Random Nature ◽

Antagonistic Interactions

Individual organisms compete for resources. Among competitive dominants, per-capita energy use has generally increased through time. This increase has had a ripple effect on all other species by increasing the number of competitive and predatory encounters among individuals. Species unable to cope with such biological rigors have become restricted to environments where resource supply is low and where encounters with enemies are few. Among species that hold their own in biologically rigorous habitats, construction materials that are cheap to produce and that enable individuals to grow and respond quickly have generally been favored over those that exact a high cost in energy and time. Extinction interrupts but does not reverse or fundamentally alter these long-term between-clade evolutionary trends. The availability of resources to organisms, as well as the opportunity for evolutionary change, depends on extrinsic events and factors as well as on the competitive abilities of organisms.Those who have raised methodological and theoretical objections against this economic interpretation of the history of life deny the overriding importance of organisms as agents of natural selection, emphasize the random nature of extinction, deny the existence of long-term trends, favor a larger role for mutualistic as opposed to antagonistic interactions, or accord a larger role to species-level attributes in evolution that are not reducible to the properties of individual organisms. These arguments are either unpersuasive or incorrect. The long-term economics of life may have important lessons for our own use of resources.

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Canopy disturbance history of old-growth Quercus alba sites in the eastern United States: Examination of long-term trends and broad-scale patterns

Forest Ecology and Management ◽

10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.034 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 267 ◽

pp. 28-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Megan L. Buchanan ◽

Justin L. Hart

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Quercus Alba ◽

Eastern United States ◽

Disturbance History ◽

Old Growth ◽

Canopy Disturbance ◽

History Of ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

Broad Scale

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On fragile democracy: Contemporary and historical perspectives—Introduction

Journal of Modern European History ◽

10.1177/1611894419880456 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 422-431

Author(s):

Martin Conway

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Special Issue ◽

Historical Perspectives ◽

Alternative Means ◽

History Of ◽

Long Term Trends

The concept of fragility provides an alternative means of approaching the history of democracy, which has often been seen as the ineluctable consequence of Europe’s social and political modernisation. This is especially so in Scandinavia, as well as in Finland, where the emergence of a particular Nordic model of democracy from the early decades of the twentieth century onwards has often been explained with reference to embedded traditions of local self-government and long-term trends towards social egalitarianism. In contrast, this article emphasises the tensions present within the practices and understandings of democracy in the principal states of Scandinavia during the twentieth century. In doing so, it provides an introduction to the articles that compose this Special Issue, as well as contributing to the wider literature on the fragility of present-day structures of democracy.

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