AN ANALYSIS OF FEMALE LABOR SUPPLY, HOME PRODUCTION, AND HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-307
Author(s):  
Kellie Forrester ◽  
Jennifer Klein
Keyword(s):  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Population Ratio

Abstract:The United States saw a rapid transformation of its labor market when the female employment to population ratio nearly doubled from 1950 to 2000. As women shift their hours from the home sector to the market sector, goods that were previously produced in the home may be replaced by market services. This paper uses the Panel Study for Income Dynamics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, and the American Time Use Survey to analyze the extent to which households replace home production with purchased market services, and how the relationship between men’s and women’s labor supplies affects these decisions. We show that women who are employed spend less time on home production activities that have close market alternatives than women who are not employed. Additionally, expenditures on market services that can replace home production are higher for married households in which the woman is employed compared to those with nonworking women.

Parental Involvement among First- and Second-generation Latin Americans in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2094855
Author(s):  
Karen Z. Kramer ◽  
Esra Şahin ◽  
Qiujie Gong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
American Immigrant ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
First And Second Generation

Immigration to a host culture often involves significant changes in parenting norms and behaviors. The authors take an acculturation lens to explore parental involvement among different generations of Latin American immigrant families. It compares the quantity and type of parental involvement of first- and second-generation Latin American immigrants to that of parents who are at least a third generation in the United States while examining whether differences exist between mothers and fathers. Data from the 2003–2013 American Time Use Survey are used for our analyses, which finds differences between parenting behaviors of first-generation immigrants from Latin America and third-generation parents. Second-generation mothers were also found to be significantly different from third-generation mothers in almost every type of parental involvement, while second-generation Latin American fathers were similar to third-generation fathers in quantity and type of parental involvement.

scholarly journals The Summer Parental Investment Gap? Socioeconomic Gaps in the Seasonality of Parental Expenditures and Time with School-Age Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orestes P Hastings ◽  
Joe LaBriola
Keyword(s):  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Public Provision ◽  
Summer Learning ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Parental Investments ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Investments In Children ◽  
New Evidence

Scholars have theorized how private parental investments of money and time in children may respond differentially to the loss of the public provision of schooling during the summer, based on parental socioeconomic status (SES). Importantly, the widening of SES gaps in parental investments of money and time in children during the summer could generate SES gaps in children’s learning during the summer. We investigate the seasonality of SES gaps in parental investments of both money and time using the 1996–2018 Consumer Expenditure Survey and 2003–2019 American Time Use Survey. We find SES gaps in parental investments of both money and time during the summer and SES gaps in expenditures are larger in the summer than during non-summer months. We find little evidence that these gaps have grown substantially over time, but we do find these gaps are larger for younger school-age children than for older school-age children. This research provides new evidence regarding the link between public and parental investments in children, addresses a key mechanism underlying the debate about the summer learning gap, and provides new evidence on how parents may target investments in children towards the ages when they are most consequential.

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Household Labor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Schneider ◽  
Orestes P Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Domestic Outsourcing

Income inequality has increased dramatically in the United States since the mid 1970s. This remarkable change in the distribution of household income has spurred a great deal of research on the social and economic consequences of exposure to high inequality. However, the empirical record on the effects of income inequality is mixed. In this paper, we suggest that previous research has generally overlooked a simple but important pathway through which inequality might manifest in daily life: inequality shapes the ability of women to outsource domestic labor by hiring others to perform it. One important venue where such dynamics might then manifest is in time spent on housework and in particular in the time divide in housework between women of high and low socio-economic status. We combine micro-data from the 2003-2013 American Time Use Survey with area-level data on income inequality to show the class divide in housework time between women with a college degree and from high earning households and women of lower socio-economic status is wider in more unequal places. We further assess whether this gap can be explained by domestic outsourcing by combining micro-data from the 2003-2013 Consumer Expenditure Survey with area-level inequality and show that the gap in spending for household services between households of high and low socio-economic status also increases in contexts of higher inequality.

scholarly journals Extended Unemployment Insurance and Job Search: Evidence from Time Use Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 653-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Job Search ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
The U.S

Abstract In this paper, I investigate the effect of extended unemployment insurance (UI) coverage in the United States in recent years on job search. The U.S. government extended UI benefits in several phases in 2008–2009, increasing the duration of the benefits to a maximum of 99 weeks, up from the regular 26 weeks. Using the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data, I find that women are more sensitive to the extended UI benefits than men. Difference-in-differences estimation shows that the average effect of the UI extensions for women is over a 10 percentage points decline in the probability of job search. However, I do not find any statistically significant effect on men.

scholarly journals Time Use During the Great Recession

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1664-1696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Aguiar ◽  
Erik Hurst ◽  
Loukas Karabarbounis
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Market Work ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Separable Preferences ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the American Time Use Survey between 2003 and 2010, we document that home production absorbs roughly 30 percent of foregone market work hours at business cycle frequencies. Leisure absorbs roughly 50 percent of foregone market work hours, with sleeping and television watching accounting for most of this increase. We document significant increases in time spent on shopping, child care, education, and health. Job search absorbs between 2 and 6 percent of foregone market work hours. We discuss the implications of our results for business cycle models with home production and non-separable preferences. (JEL D31, E32, J22)

scholarly journals SECTORAL CHANGES AND THE INCREASE IN WOMEN'S LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahşan Akbulut
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Sectoral Productivity ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation ◽  
Two Sectors

Throughout the second half of the 20th century, women in the United States decided to move increasingly into the labor market. This paper investigates the growth of the service sector as an explanation for the increase in women's employment. It develops an economic model that can account for the increase in women's employment and the growth of the service sector at the same time. A growth model with two sectors and a home production technology is constructed in order to quantitatively assess the contribution of sectoral productivity differences to the change in women's employment decision. The sectoral productivities are taken from the data. This model demonstrates that a higher rate of productivity growth in market services compared to home services can account for a large fraction of the observed increase in women's labor supply from 1950 to 2005.

scholarly journals Income Inequality, Social Comparison, and Happiness in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312098564
Author(s):  
Tim Futing Liao
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comparison Theory ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
The Individual

Using social comparison theory, I investigate the relation between experienced happiness and income inequality. In the analysis, I study happiness effects of the individual-level within-gender-ethnicity comparison-based Gini index conditional on a state’s overall inequality, using a linked set of the March 2013 Current Population Survey and the 2013 American Time Use Survey data while controlling major potential confounders. The findings suggest that individuals who are positioned to conduct both upward and downward comparison would feel happier in states where overall income inequality is high. In states where inequality is not high, however, such effects are not present because social comparison becomes less meaningful when one’s position is not as clearly definable. Therefore, social comparison matters where inequality persists: One’s comparison with all similar others’ in the income distribution in a social environment determines the effect of one’s income on happiness, with the comparison target being the same gender-ethnic group.

scholarly journals Time Spent at Home and Alone in the United States, 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Jeanne Drotning
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Black People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
At Home

Social distancing conditions implemented in response to the Covid-19 pandemic significantly altered where and with whom people were able to spend their time. By examining data from the 2019 American Time Use Survey, this study provides a baseline of how much time people spent at home, alone, and alone at home prior to the onset of the pandemic. Men, Black people, older adults, low-income households, foreign-born adults, people who live alone, and people who are unemployed spend more time alone than other groups. These findings highlight which groups in the United States already spent more time at home and more time alone pre-pandemic, forecasting how other groups time use may shift in response to Covid-19 pandemic social distancing regulations.

scholarly journals Estimates of Annual Consumption Expenditures and Its Major Components in the PSID in Comparison to the CE

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 132-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Andreski ◽  
Geng Li ◽  
Mehmet Zahid Samancioglu ◽  
Robert Schoeni
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Consumer Expenditure Survey ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Annual Consumption ◽  
The Mean

Comprehensive data on consumption expenditures have historically not been collected in US longitudinal household surveys. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) expanded its expenditure data collection in 1999 and 2005. We examine these new expenditure data, highlighting several unique features of the PSID data. We then compare the PSID expenditure data with those in the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE). We document that the PSID data cover nearly the entire scope of the CE data, and the mean statistics of total expenditures compare favorably between the two surveys. However, significant differences remain for certain expenditure categories.

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