Scintigraphic Evaluation of Decontamination Lotion for Removal of Radioactive Contamination From Skin

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudha Rana ◽  
Mita Dutta ◽  
Navneet Sharma ◽  
Rajeev Goel ◽  
Abdul Wadood Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Medical Radioisotopes ◽  
Tissue Equivalent ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Tissue Surface ◽  
Skin Contamination

AbstractObjectiveSkin contamination is one of the most likely risks after accidental or occupational radiological accidents. Using scintigraphy, we assessed a topical lotion for its decontamination efficacy (DE) after exposure with short-lived medical radioisotopes technetium Tc 99m (99mTc) and thallium 201Tl (201Tl).MethodsUsing 99mTc (300 ± 5 μCi/100 μl) and 201Tl (100 ± 5 μCi/100 μl), the thoracoabdominal region (shaved skin) of Sprague Dawley rats and human tissue equivalent were contaminated and then decontaminated using cotton swabs soaked in formulated lotion at different time intervals. Static counts were recorded and calculated for DE. Histologic examination was performed on the animal model.ResultsThe DE of the formulation for 99mTc and 201Tl was 85% ± 5 and 88% ± 2, respectively. The prepared formulation effectively removed the radionuclides from the tissue surface.ConclusionsThe formulated lotion assisted in the effective removal of radiocontaminants by decontaminating the radionuclides. Moreover, minimal and easily manageable radioactive waste was generated by this process. Further investigation regarding the infusion of formulated lotion into ready-to-use skin wipes for self-decontamination may be useful for mass casualty scenarios. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:-)

Potential Using of Molecular Characterization and Structure of The Gut Bacterial Community for Postmortem Interval Estimation in Sprague Dawley Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Li ◽  
Siruo Zhang ◽  
Ruina Liu ◽  
Lu Yuan ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Interval Estimation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Taxa Richness ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Abstract Once the body dies, the inherent microbes of the host begin to break down from the inside and play a key role thereafter. It is hypothesized that after the death certain rectal microbes would change during the decomposition course in the body. This study aimed to investigate the probable shift in the composition of the rectal flora at different time intervals up to 15 days after death and to explore bacterial taxa important for estimating the time of death. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes showed major shifts, when checked at 11 different intervals, and emerged at most of the postmortem intervals. At the species level, Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus mirabilis existed at most postmortem intervals; the former showed a downward trend after day 5 postmortem, while the latter showed an upward trend. There were obvious differences in bacterial community structure and richness at the phylum, genus, and species levels during the decomposition of the corpse of rats. The phylum, genus, and species taxa richness decreased initially and then increased significantly. The turning point came on day 9 when genus, rather than phylum or species, contained the most information for estimating the time of death. We constructed a prediction model using genus taxon data from high-throughput sequencing, which explained 87.2% of the time since the first sampling within 1 h. Seven bacteria, namely Enterococcus, Proteus, Lactobacillus, unidentified Clostridiales, Vagococcus, unidentified Corynebacteriaceae, and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae, were included in this model. The above-mentioned bacteria showed a promising future for estimating the shortest time of death and results of current study were agreeing with the proposed hypothesis.

Identification of spontaneous cardiac baroreflex episodes at different timescales in rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (2) ◽  
pp. H488-H493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Paule Gustin ◽  
Catherine Cerutti ◽  
Robert Unterreiner ◽  
Christian Paultre
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Spontaneous Baroreflex ◽  
Long Timescales

To study spontaneous cardiac baroreflex at different timescales, a new method has been developed that identifies such episodes. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded beat to beat over 1 h in freely moving control ( n = 10) and acutely (1 day before study, n = 7) and chronically (2 wk before study, n = 10) sinoaortic-denervated (SAD) 12- to 14-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. These beat-to-beat time series were successively low-pass filtered seven times and resampled at different time intervals from 0.1 to 6.4 s, allowing different timescales to be scanned. With the use of the Z coefficient, the statistical relationship was estimated for the associations of inverse MAP and HR variations when these inverse MAP and HR variations occurred simultaneously or were time shifted. In control rats and for timescales ≥0.4 s, the highest Zcoefficient(0.38) was obtained when MAP variations preceded inverse HR variations by one sampling interval. The baroreflex origin of this link was demonstrated by its disappearance after acute SAD. In conclusion, this method enabled spontaneous baroreflex episodes to be identified for unusually long timescales without limiting the study to fast, linear, stationary, or oscillating phenomena.

scholarly journals Brodifacoum Induces Early Hemoglobinuria and Late Hematuria in Rats: Novel Rapid Biomarkers of Poisoning

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 392-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M. Ware ◽  
Douglas L. Feinstein ◽  
Israel Rubinstein ◽  
Guy Weinberg ◽  
Brad H. Rovin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Free Hemoglobin ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Severe Coagulopathy

Introduction: Brodifacoum (BDF) is a superwarfarin that is used primarily as a rodenticide. There have been increasing numbers of reports of human cases of accidental or intentional BDF ingestion with high mortality rate. Its broad availability and high lethality suggest that BDF should be considered a potential chemical threat. Currently, there is no biomarker for early detection of BDF ingestion in humans; patients typically present with severe coagulopathy. Since we demonstrated earlier that warfarin can induce acute kidney injury with hematuria, we tested whether BDF would also lead to change in urinary biomarkers. Material and Methods: BDF was administered to Sprague Dawley rats via oral gavage. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was given per os in drinking water 24 h prior to BDF. Urinalysis was performed at different times after BDF administration. Anticoagulation and serum creatinine levels were analyzed in the blood. Results: We observed that within a few hours the animals developed BDF-dose-dependent transient hemoglobinuria, which ceased within 24 h. This was accompanied by a transient decrease in hematocrit, gross hemolysis and an increase in free hemoglobin in the serum. At later times, animals developed true hematuria with red blood cells in the urine, which was associated with BDF anticoagulation. NAC prevented early hemoglobinuria, but not late hematuria associated with BDF. Conclusions: We propose that transient early hemoglobinuria (associated with oxidative stress) with consecutive late hematuria (associated with anticoagulation) are novel biomarkers of BDF poisoning, and they can be used in clinical setting or in mass casualty with BDF to identify poisoned patients.

scholarly journals Relationship between Delta Rhythm, Seizure Occurrence and Allopregnanolone Hippocampal Levels in Epileptic Rats Exposed to the Rebound Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Anna-Maria Costa ◽  
Chiara Lucchi ◽  
Asiye Malkoç ◽  
Cecilia Rustichelli ◽  
Giuseppe Biagini
Keyword(s):  
Rebound Effect ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Band Spectrum ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Seizure Duration ◽  
Delta Band ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Stopping Treatment

Abrupt withdrawal from antiepileptic drugs is followed by increased occurrence of epileptic seizures, a phenomenon known as the “rebound effect”. By stopping treatment with levetiracetam (LEV 300 mg/kg/day, n = 15; vs. saline, n = 15), we investigated the rebound effect in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. LEV was continuously administered using osmotic minipumps, 7 weeks after the intraperitoneal administration of kainic acid (15 mg/kg). The effects of LEV were determined by comparing time intervals, treatments, and interactions between these main factors. Seizures were evaluated by video-electrocorticographic recordings and power band spectrum analysis. Furthermore, we assessed endogenous neurosteroid levels by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. LEV significantly reduced the percentage of rats experiencing seizures, reduced the seizure duration, and altered cerebral levels of neurosteroids. In the first week of LEV discontinuation, seizures increased abruptly up to 700% (p = 0.002, Tukey’s test). The power of delta band in the seizure postictal component was related to the seizure occurrence after LEV withdrawal (r2 = 0.73, p < 0.001). Notably, allopregnanolone hippocampal levels were positively related to the seizure occurrence (r2 = 0.51, p = 0.02) and to the power of delta band (r2 = 0.67, p = 0.004). These findings suggest a role for the seizure postictal component in the rebound effect, which involves an imbalance of hippocampal neurosteroid levels.

scholarly journals Behavioral and Neuronal Effects of Inhaled Bromine Gas: Oxidative Brain Stem Damage

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6316
Author(s):  
Shazia Shakil ◽  
Juan Xavier Masjoan Masjoan Juncos ◽  
Nithya Mariappan ◽  
Iram Zafar ◽  
Apoorva Amudhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Stem Damage ◽  
Neurological Effects ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

The risk of accidental bromine (Br2) exposure to the public has increased due to its enhanced industrial use. Inhaled Br2 damages the lungs and the heart; however, adverse effects on the brain are unknown. In this study, we examined the neurological effects of inhaled Br2 in Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were exposed to Br2 (600 ppm for 45 min) and transferred to room air and cage behavior, and levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in plasma were examined at various time intervals. Bromine exposure resulted in abnormal cage behavior such as head hitting, biting and aggression, hypervigilance, and hyperactivity. An increase in plasma GFAP and brain 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) content also was observed in the exposed animals. Acute and delayed sympathetic nervous system activation was also evaluated by assessing the expression of catecholamine biosynthesizing enzymes, tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpH1 and TrpH2), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrH), along with an assessment of catecholamines and their metabolites. TyrH was found to be increased in a time-dependent manner. TrpH1 and TrpH2 were significantly decreased upon Br2 exposure in the brainstem. The neurotransmitter content evaluation indicated an increase in 5-HT and dopamine at early timepoints after exposure; however, other metabolites were not significantly altered. Taken together, our results predict brain damage and autonomic dysfunction upon Br2 exposure.

Ultrastructural Investigation of Spontaneous Pituitary Adenomas in Aging Sprague-Dawley Rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
D. J. McComb ◽  
J. Beri ◽  
F. Zak ◽  
K. Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
Ultrastructural Investigation ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Long Evans

Investigation of the spontaneous pituitary adenomas in rat have been limited mainly to light microscopic study. Furth et al. (1973) described them as chromophobic, secreting prolactin. Kovacs et al. (1977) in an ul trastructural investigation of adenomas of old female Long-Evans rats, found that they were composed of prolactin cells. Berkvens et al. (1980) using immunocytochemistry at the light microscopic level, demonstrated that some spontaneous tumors of old Wistar rats could contain GH, TSH or ACTH as well as PRL.

Early Development of Drug-Induced Hepatic Necrosis

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
E. Detzi ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Microscopic Studies

This study represents the first in a series of investigations carried out to elucidate the mechanism(s) of early hepatocellular damage induced by drugs and other related compounds. During screening tests of CNS-active compounds in rats, it has been found that daily oral administration of one of these compounds at a dose level of 40 mg. per kg. of body weight induced diffuse massive hepatic necrosis within 7 weeks in Charles River Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes. Partial hepatectomy enhanced the development of this peculiar type of necrosis (3 weeks instead of 7) while treatment with phenobarbital prior to the administration of the drug delayed the appearance of necrosis but did not reduce its severity.Electron microscopic studies revealed that early development of this liver injury (2 days after the administration of the drug) appeared in the form of small dark osmiophilic vesicles located around the bile canaliculi of all hepatocytes (Fig. 1). These structures differed from the regular microbodies or the pericanalicular multivesicular bodies. They first appeared regularly rounded with electron dense matrix bound with a single membrane. After one week on the drug, these vesicles appeared vacuolated and resembled autophagosomes which soon developed whorls of concentric lamellae or cisterns characteristic of lysosomes (Fig. 2). These lysosomes were found, later on, scattered all over the hepatocytes.

Ultrastructural investigation of spontaneous pituitary gonadotroph cell adenomas in aging Sprague-Dawley rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 702-703
Author(s):  
D. J. McComb ◽  
J. Beri ◽  
F. Zak ◽  
K. Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Immunoelectron Microscopy ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Reticulin Fibers ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Gonadotroph cell adenomas of the pituitary are infrequent in human patients and are not invariably associated with altered gonadal function. To date, no animal model of this tumor type exists. Herein, we describe spontaneous gonadotroph cell adenomas in old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats by histology, immunocytology and electron microscopy.The material consisted of the pituitaries of 27 male and 38 female Sprague Dawley rats, all 26 months of age or older, removed at routine autopsy. Sections of formal in-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were stained with hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron (HPS), the PAS method and the Gordon-Sweet technique for the demonstration of reticulin fibers. For immunostaining, sections were exposed to anti-rat β-LH, anti-ratβ-TSH, anti-rat PRL, anti-rat GH and anti-rat ACTH 1-39. For electron microscopy, tissue was fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% OsO4 and embedded in epoxy-resin. Tissue fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in epoxy resin without osmification, was used for immunoelectron microscopy.

Freeze-etch studies of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage reveal matrix vesicles associated with calcification

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 670-671
Author(s):  
Russell N. A. Cecil ◽  
H. Clarke Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Matrix Vesicles ◽  
Matrix Vesicle ◽  
Glycerol Solution ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Epiphyseal Growth Plate ◽  
Growth Plates ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Tibial Epiphyseal

Unfixed proximal tibial epiphyseal growth plates were studied by freeze-etch to confirm the presence of extracellular calcifying matrix vesicles and to determine the substructure of matrix vesicle membranes as compared to plasma and other membranes of intact chondrocytes. Growth plates from 6-10 week old Sprague-Dawley rats were cut into 1x3 mm blocks whose long dimension was oriented either perpendicular or parallel to the long axis of the tibia. Some blocks were fixed at pH 7. 0 in 0. 2M cacodylate - buffered 2. 5% glutaraldehyde for 1 hour at 4ÅC. The blocks were immersed in 30% glycerol solution at 4ÅC for 1 hour, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and then fractured, etched for 2 minutes, and coated with platinum, carbon and 0. 2% Formvar solution. The replicas were cleaned with chromic acid, floated onto Formvar coated grids, and examined with a Phillips EM 300 electron microscope.Fixed and unfixed specimens appeared similar in ultrastructure. Chondrocytes, matrix, and matrix vesicles were identified. In specimens fractured parallel to the long axis of the tibia, the reserve, proliferative, hypertrophic, and calcifying zones could be discerned as described by light and electron microscopy.

Sarcolemmal permeability changes during early myocardial anoxia

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
M. Ashraf ◽  
L. Landa ◽  
L. Nimmo ◽  
C. M. Bloor
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Coronary Artery Occlusion ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Enzyme Release ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Sarcolemmal Permeability ◽  
Membrane Changes

Following coronary artery occlusion, the myocardial cells lose intracellular enzymes that appear in the serum 3 hrs later. By this time the cells in the ischemic zone have already undergone irreversible changes, and the cell membrane permeability is variably altered in the ischemic cells. At certain stages or intervals the cell membrane changes, allowing release of cytoplasmic enzymes. To correlate the changes in cell membrane permeability with the enzyme release, we used colloidal lanthanum (La+++) as a histological permeability marker in the isolated perfused hearts. The hearts removed from sprague-Dawley rats were perfused with standard Krebs-Henseleit medium gassed with 95% O2 + 5% CO2. The hypoxic medium contained mannitol instead of dextrose and was bubbled with 95% N2 + 5% CO2. The final osmolarity of the medium was 295 M osmol, pH 7. 4.

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