A RELIABILISM BUILT ON COGNITIVE CONVERGENCE: AN EMPIRICALLY GROUNDED SOLUTION TO THE GENERALITY PROBLEM

Episteme ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Jönsson

AbstractProcess-reliabilist analyses of justification and knowledge face the generality problem. Recent discussion of this problem turns on certain untested empirical assumptions that this paper investigates. Three experiments are reported: two are free-naming studies that support the existence of a basic level in the previously unexplored domain of names for belief-forming processes; the third demonstrates that reliability judgments for the basic-level belief-forming process types are very strongly correlated with the corresponding justification and knowledge judgments. I argue that these results lend support to process-reliabilism; I then go on to explore several different ways to make use of them in solutions to the generality problem.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
Frederik J. Andersen ◽  
Klemens Kappel ◽  

This paper aims to show that Selim Berker’s widely discussed prime number case is merely an instance of the well-known generality problem for process reliabilism and thus arguably not as interesting a case as one might have thought. Initially, Berker’s case is introduced and interpreted. Then the most recent response to the case from the literature is presented. Eventually, it is argued that Berker’s case is nothing but a straightforward consequence of the generality problem, i.e., the problematic aspect of the case for process reliabilism (if any) is already captured by the generality problem.


This chapter examines the nature of truth. It provides a classification of the main motives which are represented by the principal recent theories regarding the nature of truth. First, there is the motive especially suggested by the study of the history of institutions, by people's whole interest in what are called “evolutionary processes,” and by a large part of people's recent psychological investigation. This is the motive which leads many to describe human life altogether as a more or less progressive adjustment to a natural environment. The second motive is the same as that which, in ethics, is responsible for so many sorts of recent Individualism. It is the longing to be self-possessed and inwardly free, the determination to submit to no merely external authority. Meanwhile, the third motive has led to the discovery of what are novel truths regarding the fundamental relations upon which all of human thought and human activity rest.


1986 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 260-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Harrison

Euripides, Medea 11–13 (Diggle's Oxford text):12 πολιτ⋯ν codd. et Σbv; πολίταις (Bgl) V3, sicut coni. Barnes 13 αὐτῷ Sakorrphos; αὐτή codd. et gE et Stob. 4.23.30In his recent discussion of this passage (CQ 34 [1984], 50–1), Diggle has convincingly argued for πολίταις and αὐτῷ, the latter of which he places in his new Oxford text, but recognises that ɸυγῇ remains highly problematic (51): ‘The truth, I think, is still to seek’. It is to this last difficulty that I should like to suggest a solution.The problems of ɸυγῇ are syntactical, as Diggle clearly demonstrates (51): ‘With which verb (⋯νδάνουσα or ⋯ɸίκετο) is ɸυγῇ to be constructed?’ Of these ⋯νδάνουσα is more likely for position, ⋯ɸίκετο for sense; but the former construction produces an obscurity, the latter an unacceptable hyperbaton. Another complicating element is the juxtaposition ɸυγῇ πολιτ⋯ν. it is clearly significant, and by its intervention appears to prevent taking ɸυγῇ as ⋯π⋯ κοινο⋯ with both verbs, the third possible construction.As a solution I should like to revive a forgotten conjecture of Pierson's, made in his Verisimilia (1752). His ɸυγ⋯ς πολίταις appears both to solve all the syntactical problems and to give appropriate point to the juxtaposition of ‘exile’ and ‘citizen’. ɸυγάς would then go with ⋯νδάνουσα and bear a concessive sense: ‘pleasing, though an exile, the citizens to whose land she came’, a nuance found already in Wecklein's paraphrase of his text ɸυγῇ πολιτ⋯ν. ‘Sie gefällt denen, in deren Land sie gekommen ist, obwohl sie die Bürgerschaft als eine fremde, landesflüchtige Person gegenübersteht’. This contrast between citizen and exile and the necessity for the latter to please the former are naturally important themes in the dramatic situation of the Medea — cf. Medea's words at 222 χρ⋯ δ⋯ ξένον μ⋯ν κάρτα προσχωρεῖν πόλει, with Page's note.


2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 531-538
Author(s):  
S. V. Samusev ◽  
V. A. Fadeev

The results of theoretical and physical modeling of pipes forming process are described. Experiments on strip billets forming were carried out on 10-50 pipe-welding mill for a pipe 50 mm in diameter with 1mm wall. Forming of pipe billets was carried out at unit of forming horizontal and vertical stands with estimation of geometrical parameters. Roll drafting is one-radial. Energy-power parameters of the process that affect quality of billet geometry were determined and measured. Analysis of geometric parameters of resulting billet has revealed defects of buckling type on the billet’s right edge between the second edger and the third molding stand. Similar defect was detected at the left edge of the billet at a distance of the third molding and edger stands. To eliminate defects in forming section, shaping stands were rebuilt so that forces on drive cells were identical. Energy-force parameters of the process were sequentially determined: pulling forces of drive stands, resistance to strip movement and vertical molding forces. Calculations for determining energy-force parameters were performed taking into account the main technical parameters using two methods. The first technique takes into account geometric parameters of molded billet and parameters of working zone with the zone of non-contact deformation. The second method is based on consideration of contact interaction between the billet and shaped instrument along the deformation section. Discrepancy between calculated and experimental data was 8  –  12  %. After adjusting technical parameters of the molding process and the passes re-adjusting, a defect-free pipe billet was formed. Comparative analysis of calculated and experimental edge trajectories along the height and width of the cages showed discrepancy in results in range of 6  –  9  %. While studying geometric parameters of the focus of deformation, contact and non-contact zones of working zone and area of sprinkling were taken into account. Parameters of the pipe billet shaping in monotonous and roll forming centers have been calculated. Analysis of the results has shown that change in billet’s geometry in shaping stand corresponds to the accepted statements of billet’s geometry changes in rolling pass.


2013 ◽  
Vol 549 ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Russig ◽  
Markus Bambach ◽  
Gerhard Hirt

Rotary Peen Forming (RPF) is a new peen forming process, comparable to Shot Peen Forming (SPF), in which the shot is held by a flexible connection and moved on a circular trajectory. Hence, RPF uses less machine components and therefore offers a compact machine design and a more flexible use than SPF. Just as conventional Shot Peen Forming the RPF process causes localized plastic deformation but involves tangential components which can create shear deformation in the plastic layer. In this paper, three different RPF tool concepts are compared and the applicability of Rotary Peen Forming for the production of slightly curved parts is analyzed. The first design offers a stochastic impact distribution, the second design leads to deterministic impacts. The third one is a further enhancement of the previous designs and combines the advantages of both. In contrast to previous tests a new, stiffer testing setup was used which offers good comparability of the tool concepts. Particularly the forming potential in terms of the realization of high curvatures and the surface quality are investigated. Depending on the tool concept the surface quality differs significantly, but generally RPF allows the forming of curvatures that are commonly used for aerospace structural parts.


2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Hastings

Amongthe more durable tenets of postwar West German historiography was the widespread conviction that Catholicism and Nazism were, at some most basic level, mutually exclusive entities. While a flood of critical studies in the 1960s began to erode this conviction at least around the edges — as scholars subjected to greater scrutiny the actual responses of Catholic opinion leaders, the German episcopate, and the Vatican to the Nazi regime — the image of a fundamental, albeit not quite perfect, incompatibility between Catholicism and Nazism has remained essentially intact to the present day. The durability of this image has been due to some degree to the steady stream of primarily apologetic monographs produced by a large and energetic Catholic scholarly community in Germany, whose works have stressed the heroic oppositional stance and victimhood of the Catholic Church during the Third Reich.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Elhami ◽  
Anita Roshan

<p>The study was designed to show if the full and partial recast given to third person “s” or simple past “ed” caused learners to generate various kinds of output. 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. After recording their voice while giving them full and partial recast, regarding data analysis, chi Square and Paired-Samples t-test were run to analyze the data. The hypothesis was retained, leading us to conclude that full and partial recast did not function differently in simple past “ed” and the third person “s”. In doing so, it aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast in different grammatical structures.</p>


Episteme ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Tolly

AbstractThe generality problem is one of the most pressing challenges for process reliabilism about justification. Thus far, one of the more promising responses is James Beebe's tri-level statistical solution. Despite the initial plausibility of Beebe's approach, the tri-level statistical solution has been shown to generate implausible justification verdicts on a variety of cases. Recently, Samuel Kampa has offered a new statistical solution to the generality problem, which he argues can overcome the challenges that undermined Beebe's original statistical solution. However, there's good reason to believe that Kampa is mistaken. In this paper, I show that Kampa's new statistical solution faces problems that are no less serious than the original objections to Beebe's solution. Depending on how we interpret Kampa's proposal, the new statistical solution either types belief-forming processes far too narrowly, or the new statistical solution fails to clarify the epistemic implications of reliabilism altogether. Either way, the new statistical solution fails to make substantive progress towards solving the generality problem.


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubis Carmita Zambrano Montes ◽  
Marylú Núñez Morales

El presente trabajo  persigue como finalidad  valorar la evolución histórica de la formación ambiental que han recibido los maestros en formación del nivel básico de educación, con especial énfasis en el Ecuador, a   partir del análisis de las concepciones que han existido sobre esta dimensión de la educación  a través de su historia, y los grandes eventos y foros internacionales que han sentado pautas en la materia. En ese orden, se tienen en cuenta tres etapas de desarrollo de la Educación Ambiental, la primera de ellas denominada Concepción naturalista de la educación. (Hasta la  década de los años 70 siglo XX), la segunda Desarrollo de la concepción de la educación ambiental, (entre los años 1970 al 1992) y  la tercera de   Redimensionamiento de la educación ambiental (del año 1992 hasta la actualidad). Palabras clave Etapas de la educación ambiental,   formación de profesores, desarrollo sostenible, competencias.    1. Instituto Superior Pedagógico “23 de Octubre”. Montecristi – Manabí- Ecuador. Calle Manta y el Porvenir – 2310053. Email - [email protected] 2. Universidad de Camaguey Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz - carretera Circunvalación Norte Km.5.5 Camaguey - Cuba teléfono (53) (32) (26 18 69) [email protected] Abstract  The present work pursues like purpose appraising the historic evolution of the environmental education that the teachers in formation of the basic level of education, with special  emphasis in  the Ecuador,  as from the  analysis  of  the conceptions that have existed on this dimension of education through its history have received, and grand events and international forums that have established guidelines in the matter. In that order, they have in account three stages of development of environmental education, the first theirs named naturalistic Conception of education. (To the decade of years 70 century XX), second Evolution of educational environmental conception, (enter years 1970 to the 1992) and the third class of new conception of environmental education (of the year 1992 to the present time)   Keywords  Stages of environmental education, teacher training, sustainable development competencies.  


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