„ОБЩ ЯЗИК С ВИРАЖЕНИЕ НАРОДНО“. ЕЗИКОВИТЕ НОРМИ В ПРЕВОДА НА А. ГРАНИТСКИ „ЗА ТРЪГОВСКО ПИСМОПИСАНЇЕ“, 1858 Г. (С ОГЛЕД НА СЪЩЕСТВИТЕЛНИТЕ ИМЕНА) / ОБЩ ЯЗИК С ВИРАЖЕНИЕ НАРОДНО. THE LANGUAGE NORMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF A. GRANITSKI’S ЗА ТРЪГОВСКО ПИСМОПИСАНЇЕ (ON COMMERCIAL LETTER WRITING), 1858

he article presents the results of a study on the contribution of Anastas Granitski, one of the most active translators of popular and widely read literary works, to building the structural basis and spelling and language norms of the Bulgarian literary language of the Revival period. The subject of observation is a part of the translation of the 1858 Тръговско рѫководство (Commercial Guidebook) titled За тръговско писмописанїе (On Commercial Letter Writing), a practical guide for keeping business correspondence. The author analyses nouns with respect to the categories of gender, number, case and definiteness/indefiniteness. The study of the forms helps to identify the original works the translator complied with: the grammars by Neofit Rilski (1835) and Ivan Bogorov (1844). Keywords: Bulgarian Revival, modern Bulgarian literary language, linguistic and spelling norms, nouns

Concord begets concord: A Bayesian model of nominal concord typology

Nominal concord is a phenomenon whereby nominal modifiers (e.g., adjectives, demonstratives, numerals) agree with their nominals along various dimensions (e.g., gender, number, case, definiteness). Here, drawing on a rich and typologically diverse database of nominal concord (Norris 2020), we build a Bayesian mixed effect model of nominal concord. Specifically, we consider two competing hypotheses regarding the statistical relationship between different types of concord within a language: (1) concord begets concord: the presence of some type of concord in a language makes it more likely that it has other types of concord vs. (2) a little concord goes a long way: if a language has some kind of concord, it is less likely to have other types of concord. We present evidence strongly in favor of the first hypothesis, that concord begets concord. Languages with nominal concord tend to have concord in more than one place and of more than one type. Using posterior draws from our model, we also provide quantitative evidence for a number of the tendencies described by Norris (2019a). Future work will build on this model to understand the functional role of nominal concord in language systems, how it evolves, and how it co-evolves with other typological features.

Variability in inflectional forms of attributive-appositive composite lexical units in Polish

This paper examines inflectional markers (signalling number, case and gender) of selected types of NN complexes in Polish, which can be regarded as attributive-appositive (ATAP) lexical units in the cross-linguistic classification of compounds proposed by Scalise & Bisetto (2009) . Polish compounds proper show externalization of inflection and take inflectional markers on their right-hand constituents only. In contrast, Polish juxtapositions are expected to display double inflectional marking (on both their components). However, data from the National Corpus of Polish demonstrate that ATAP juxtapositions containing the lexeme widmo ‘ghost, phantom’ as their right-hand component exhibit variability in their inflectional paradigms. The right-hand (i.e. the modifier) constituent of such juxtapositions either shows number and case agreement with the head noun, or it appears in the default (nom.sg) form. Potential reasons for the instability of inflectional paradigms of such NN juxtapositions are considered.

Translation of the “Gospel of Luke” (1821) into Erzya: some features of noun morphology

Introduction. This paper considers some features of noun morphology in the translation of the “Gospel of Luke” (1821) into the Erzya language, namely the indicators of such grammatical categories of the noun as number, case and the categories of possessiveness and definiteness. Analysis of old manuscripts is necessary, as it provides important information in the reconstruction of the language. Materials and Methods. The text of the translation of the “Gospel of Luke” (1821) into Erzya, materials of the Erzya dialects were collected by the author during the expeditions to Samara region in 2011–2012. The analysis of the books on the topic of dialect features of the Erzya dialects were also used for the research. When working with the material, the morphological paradigms in the published part of the concordance of the “Gospel of Luke” (lingvodoc.ispras.ru) and the material obtained by the method of continuous sampling were compared with the data of modern dialects of the Erzya language. Results and Discussion. It is shown that the indicators of the category of number of nouns in the text of the manuscript correspond to the affixes of the Central dialect and are used according to the same rules. The case system is different from the case system of the literary language, namely the semantics of some cases is represented by other case formants, postpositions, and other syntactic constructions. The index declension is represented by the formant -s’t’, and the possessive declension shows the numerical difference between the possessors in 1 and 3 persons singular. Conclusion. The analysis of the language material allows to conclude that the translated text belongs to the Central dialect, which has its own distinctive features. At the same time, the final solution of the dialectal affiliation of the manuscript should be based on a comprehensive account not only of the material considered in the paper, but also, at least, on the results of further detailed analysis of the features of phonetics, morphology and vocabulary.

Effect of Neutrally Buoyant Particles on Horizontal Turbulent Flow Through a Tee-Junction

Turbulent particle-laden flows are of high interest due to their presence in many industrial applications. High Reynolds number flows containing solid particles, create complex flows and erosive environments. The effect that the particles have on the turbulence of the surrounding fluid is referred to in the literature as turbulence modulation. This is an area of research in which there is still much to learn to enable a deeper understanding of the physics behind these complex flows. Data that would be of particular usefulness are at higher Reynolds numbers (Re ≥ 100,000), and dense loadings (ΦV ≥ 1%). In this work, turbulent particle-laden flow through a simplified industrial geometry was studied at an upper Reynolds number of 115,000 and particle loadings up to 5% by weight/volume (specific gravity = 1) to address these needs. The flow within a tee junction with the 90-degree branch closed-off downstream was studied. This is analogous to a duct flow but with an exposed region of fluid at the location of the closed-off branch. Super absorbent particles were used as the solid phase, which became index-matched and neutrally buoyant upon saturation with water. Data were acquired using 2-D planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) along the center span of the tunnel. Mean and root-mean-square (rms) velocities were calculated for the fluid phase. Particle loadings studied were 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5 at flow Reynolds numbers of 11,500 and 115,000. Velocity contour plots are presented to provide a macro description of the flow. Three horizontal positions within the shear layer region were selected for profile comparison (x* = −0.45, 0, 0.45). Prior literature suggested that the particles would attenuate the turbulence, however, the result showed no single trend in the current data. The mean velocities were nominally unaffected by loading for a respective Reynolds number case. Turbulence modulation of the flow was found to be sensitive to the Reynolds number, as at x* = −0.45 weakening of the rms was observed in the low Reynolds number case and strengthening in the high Reynolds number case for the same particle loading in the same region of the geometry.

Elliptic rook and file numbers

International audience In this work, we construct elliptic analogues of the rook numbers and file numbers by attaching elliptic weights to the cells in a board. We show that our elliptic rook and file numbers satisfy elliptic extensions of corre- sponding factorization theorems which in the classical case were established by Goldman, Joichi and White and by Garsia and Remmel in the file number case. This factorization theorem can be used to define elliptic analogues of various kinds of Stirling numbers of the first and second kind as well as Abel numbers. We also give analogous results for matchings of graphs, elliptically extending the result of Haglund and Remmel.

Process Reliabilism, Prime Numbers and the Generality Problem

This paper aims to show that Selim Berker’s widely discussed prime number case is merely an instance of the well-known generality problem for process reliabilism and thus arguably not as interesting a case as one might have thought. Initially, Berker’s case is introduced and interpreted. Then the most recent response to the case from the literature is presented. Eventually, it is argued that Berker’s case is nothing but a straightforward consequence of the generality problem, i.e., the problematic aspect of the case for process reliabilism (if any) is already captured by the generality problem.

Двойственность вихревой структуры, возникающей при сверхзвуковом обтекании области сопряжения затупленного тела и пластины вязким газом

Results of numerical simulation of the supersonic gas flow past a fin-body mounted on the flat plate with developing laminar boundary layer are presented. The calculations cover flow cases with the freestream Mach number of 6.7 and two different Reynolds numbers: Re=12500, 15600. The structure of the horseshoe vortices arising in the body leading-edge region is analyzed. It has been revealed that for both the Reynolds numbers there exist two stable solutions, which correspond to different metastable states of the flow. The solutions differ in the number of the vortices forming in the separation region, as well as in the separation region length. In the smaller Reynolds number case, both solutions are steady-state, whereas in case of the larger Re value, one of the solutions remains steady-state, and the other one becomes quasi-periodic.