Behavioural Economics and Public Support for Carbon Pricing: A Revenue Recycling Scheme to Address the Political Economy of Carbon Taxation

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran DOMINIONI ◽  
Dirk HEINE
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Revenue Recycling ◽  
Carbon Taxation ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Even though carbon pricing is widely accepted as the most efficient policy instrument for climate change mitigation, it has been severely held back by a lack of public support. Building on research in behavioural sciences, we propose a revenue recycling scheme that aims to foster public support for carbon taxes. The scheme has two main strengths: (i) it may allow the implementatin of carbon taxes with higher tax rates than those currently prevailing in most jurisdictions; (ii) it relies on a number of accessible technologies, and thus it can be implemented in a wide variety of settings, both in urban and rural areas of developing and developed countries.

scholarly journals Could revenue recycling make effective carbon taxation politically feasible?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. eaax3323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam F. Beiser-McGrath ◽  
Thomas Bernauer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Revenue Recycling ◽  
Carbon Taxation ◽  
Global Energy Supply

Carbon taxes are widely regarded as a potentially effective and economically efficient policy instrument for decarbonizing the global energy supply and thus limiting global warming. The main obstacle is political feasibility because of opposition from citizens and industry. Earmarking revenues from carbon taxation for spending that benefits citizens (i.e., revenue recycling) might help policy makers escape this political impasse. On the basis of choice experiments with representative samples of citizens in Germany and the United States, we examine whether revenue recycling could mitigate two key obstacles to achieving sufficient public support for carbon taxes: (i) declines in support as taxation levels increase and (ii) concerns over the international economic level playing field. For both countries, we find that revenue recycling could help achieve majority support for carbon tax levels of up to $50 to $70 per metric ton of carbon, but only if industrialized countries join forces and adopt similar carbon taxes.

Rural Tourism and Rural Development under the Integrated Planning Background - Huangtuling Village Tourist Plans in Laiyuan, Baoding

2014 ◽  
Vol 1044-1045 ◽  
pp. 1533-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chao Wang ◽  
Ning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Village

The urban-rural integration is a new stage of urbanization,which is the process of the development of productive forces and promoting the production of urban and rural residents, is the process that has the characteristics of resources between urban and rural areas of mutual integration, mutual resources, mutual market, mutual service, and which will gradually reach rural coordination between the development process. Rural tourism is derived from the developed countries of advanced concepts, with the tourism planning and designing tools of Laiyuan Huangtuling, we put the native village of the existing land, ancient architecture, historical and cultural resources together. and using the designing tools to make travel, leisure, culture, food , and other node element for redesigning, excavating the existing resources within the village, both to highlight the local characteristics, and good protection of the natural environment, and embodies the essence of the role of urban-rural integration.

scholarly journals TRENDS IN ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION IN MALAWI: PROGRESS AND INEQUALITIES (1992-2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cassivi ◽  
Elizabeth Tilley ◽  
E.O.D. Waygood ◽  
Caetano Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractBillions of people globally gained access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation in the last decades, following effort towards the Millennium Development Goals. Global progress remains a general indicator as it is unclear if access is equitable across groups of the population. Agenda 2030 calling for “leaving no one behind”, there is a need to focus on the variations of access in different groups of the population, especially in the context of least developed countries including Malawi. We analyzed data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) to describe emerging trends on progress and inequalities in water supply and sanitation services over a 25-year period (1992 - 2017) and to identify the most vulnerable population in Malawi. Data were disaggregated with geographic and socio-economic characteristics including regions, urban and rural areas, wealth and education level. Analysis of available data revealed progress in access to water and sanitation among all groups of the population. The largest progress is generally observed in the groups that were further behind at the baseline year, which likely reflects good targeting in interventions/improvements to reduce the gap in the population. Overall, results demonstrated that some segments of the population - foremost poorest Southern rural populations - still have limited access to water and are forced to practise open defecation. Finally, we suggest to include standardized indicators that address safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in future surveys and studies to increase accuracy of national estimates.

Assessment of the attractiveness of rural areas in terms of internal migration in Russia and the EU countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
N.V. Vorontsova ◽  
◽  
A.V. Merzlov ◽  
R.R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
N.G. Platonovskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Innovative Capabilities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Those born in rural areas move to urban areas for both temporary and permanent residence. In general, urbanization is expanding in the world, as evidenced by the increase in the proportion of the urban population. However, recently, in parallel with urbanization, especially in the developed countries of Europe, there has been a reverse flow - the resettlement of a certain part of the urban population to the countryside. It attracts city dwellers with a comparatively better ecological situation, the presence of wide spaces and a sense of freedom. All of this is also supported by modern innovative capabilities. Information and digital technologies are increasingly blurring the boundaries between urban and rural areas. However, the attractiveness of rural areas for permanent habitation in a number of cases, including in our country, is reduced due to the lack of adequate urban living conditions for life and urban-centric state policy. This primarily affects rural areas remote from cities. At the same time, the suburbs, especially megacities, are the most attractive in terms of internal migration. It accommodates the conditions of urban life and the advantage of rural areas. The article touches upon the issues of internal migration of the urban population to the countryside in Russia and a number of European countries (on the example of France and Germany). In this regard, it was noted that this tendency exists, and with an increase in dynamics. As a result of the study, the factors that influence the decision-making by the townspeople to move to settlements located in agricultural areas were identified, and a set of criteria was proposed to assess their attractiveness from the point of view of internal migration of the population.

scholarly journals The State of Knowledge on Intestinal Helminths in Free-Roaming Dogs in Southern South America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritossa Luciano ◽  
Viozzi Gustavo ◽  
Flores Verónica
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
South America ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

In South America there are more dogs per person than in developed countries. Many owners allow their dogs to roam freely in public areas, which favours the spread of zoonotic diseases. The objective of this work is to describe, through bibliographic analysis, the occurrence, prevalence, species richness, and distribution of intestinal helminth parasites found in dog faeces from urban and rural areas of southern South America (Argentina-Chile-Uruguay). Using three databases, we performed a systematic review of articles published between 2000 and 2020 in indexed journals. A total of 219 articles was evaluated for eligibility, and of these 67 were included in the final analysis; 48 correspond to Argentina, 17 to Chile, and 2 to Uruguay. The total number of parasite taxa recorded was 22, the most frequently occurring species being Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma sp., Trichuris vulpis and Echinococcus sp. Species richness was correlated with sample size and varied between 1 and 10 species. In addition, disease risk is not homogeneously distributed. Due to the high infection levels in dogs, urban and rural dwellers are at risk of infection with zoonotic diseases transmitted by these animals, therefore a One Health approach to public health would be advisable.

scholarly journals New villagers: motives and factors for moving from urban to rural areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-310
Author(s):  
L. A. Ovchintseva
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Opposite Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Motives ◽  
The City

In developed countries, along with urbanization, the opposite process - ruralization or deurbanization - is becoming increasingly noticeable. Ruralization is not only the movement of townspeople to the countryside, but also the development of villages and the increasing importance of rural areas as a place to live and work. Townspeople make the decision to move by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of living in urban and rural areas, and non-economic motives (the desire to get closer to nature, to find ones roots, to live in silence, without haste, to eat natural products, etc.) play an important role in this decision. Among economic motives, the difference in the cost of urban and rural real estate and of life in general is the most important motive, i.e., families, especially young and large, can improve their living conditions by moving to the countryside. The study, the results of which are presented in the article, aimed at identifying those groups of townspeople that tend to resettlement, their motives, and factors pushing people to leave cities and facilitating/hindering resettlement to rural areas. The research is based on the study of special literature on the topic and on the data of the survey of resettled townspeople and experts in ruralization. Unlike most publications on ruralization, the author focuses on the positive aspects of the resettlement of townspeople to the countryside and insists on the removal of administrative barriers that prevent ruralization, because the resettlement of townspeople to the countryside does not have a negative impact on the city and is compensated by the influx of people from the countryside, who want to get education or a new profession.

Carbon Taxes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge H. García ◽  
Thomas Sterner
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Social Cost Of Carbon ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Sectoral Differences ◽  
Carbon Taxation

Economists argue that carbon taxation (and more generally carbon pricing) is the single most powerful way to combat climate change. Since this is so controversial, we need to explain it better, and to be precise, the efficiency gains are largest when the costs of abatement are strongly heterogeneous. This is often—but not always—the case. When it is not, standards can fill much the same role. To internalize the climate externality, economic efficiency calls for a global carbon tax (or price) that is equal to the global damage or the so-called social cost of carbon. However, equity considerations as well as existing geographical and sectoral differences in the effectiveness of carbon taxation at reducing emissions, suggest earlier implementation of relatively high taxation levels in some sectors or countries—for instance, among richer economies followed by a more gradual phase-in among low-income countries. The number of national and subnational carbon pricing policies that have been implemented around the world during the first years following the Paris Agreement of 2015 is significant. By 2020, these programs covered 22% of global emissions with an average carbon price (weighted by the share of emissions covered) of USD15/tCO2 and a maximum price of USD120/tCO2. The share of emissions covered by carbon pricing as well as carbon prices themselves are expected to consistently rise throughout the decade 2021–2030 and beyond. Many experts agree that the social cost of carbon is in the range USD40–100/tCO2. Anti-climate lobbying, public opposition, and lack of understanding of the instrument are among the key challenges faced by carbon taxation. Opportunities for further expansion of carbon taxation lie in increased climate awareness, the communicative resources governments have to help citizens understand the logic behind carbon taxation, and earmarking of carbon tax revenues to address issues that are important to the public such as fairness.

Kebijakan Insentif Untuk Petani Muda: Pembelajaran dari Berbagai Negara dan Implikasinya bagi Kebijakan di Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Hery Susilowati
Keyword(s):  
Financial Aid ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Incentive Policies ◽  
The Government

<strong>English</strong><br />Indonesia and many countries deal with decreased number of young farmers. Some measures are taken to attract youth to work as farmers through some incentive. This paper aims to review various incentive policies for young farmers in many countries and their effectiveness and their implications for Indonesia. This paper applies both descriptive analysis and cross tabulation methods. Success of financial aid programs to young farmers in developed countries is still pros and cons. In addition to the financial aid incentive policies, various supports are also provided in the developing countries for the same purpose. The implications for Indonesia to attract young generation to work in agricultural sector should be in accordance with characteristics of small farmers in this country. Learning from the experience of the government's financial aid policy to young farmers in developed countries and credit program policy for Indonesian farmers, interest rate subsidy is not the only policy instrument to attract young farmers to work in agriculture. Policies to facilitate young farmers' access to capital and land tenure are more essential besides improving business diversification in rural areas. The government should well manage industrial development in rural areas through agricultural programs integrated with other supporting services.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Dewasa ini Indonesia dan negara-negara di dunia menghadapi permasalahan menurunnya jumlah tenaga kerja muda pertanian. Fenomena aging farmers dan semakin berkurangnya tenaga kerja muda pertanian terjadi dalam tataran global. Upaya untuk menarik dan mempertahankan generasi muda petani menjadi usaha yang terus-menerus dilakukan di berbagai negara. Berbagai kebijakan insentif untuk petani muda telah dikembangkan di negara-negara maju untuk membantu mereka berkarir di sektor pertanian, khususnya pertanian on farm. Tujuan makalah adalah untuk melakukan review terhadap berbagai kebijakan insentif untuk petani muda di berbagai negara dan efektivitas kebijakan tersebut, serta implikasinya bagi Indonesia. Metode analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif dan tabulasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan program-program bantuan finansial kepada petani muda di negara-negara maju masih bersifat  pro dan kontra. Selain kebijakan insentif yang bersifat bantuan finansial, juga diberikan bantuan dalam bentuk dukungan lain. Implikasi bagi Indonesia, untuk menarik tenaga kerja ke sektor pertanian perlu disesuaikan dengan karakteristik petani kecil. Belajar dari pengalaman kebijakan insentif negara-negara maju dan kebijakan di Indonesia, insentif subsidi bunga pinjaman bukan satu-satunya instrumen untuk menarik tenaga kerja muda ke pertanian. Kebijakan untuk mempermudah akses modal dan penguasaan lahan lebih diperlukan selain diversifikasi usaha di perdesaan. Untuk itu, pengembangan industri di perdesaan harus berjalan dengan baik dan didukung oleh program pertanian yang terintegrasi dengan layanan pendukung.

How can governments nudge students to become ebook readers? Evidence from Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad R. Pratama ◽  
Firman M. Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Book Format

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate if and how government intervention can nudge students to become ebook readers. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 1,144 students from four middle and high schools in urban and rural areas of Indonesia participated in this study. The results from statistical analyses were further discussed through the lens of the nudge theory. Findings This paper founds evidence that government intervention in the form of the Buku Sekolah Elektronik (BSE) policy that has been providing free electronic textbooks for more than a decade can help nudge students to become ebook readers. After controlling for student’s demographic information, this paper founds that their awareness of such a policy is significantly associated with a stronger preference toward ebooks while having no significant effect on their preferences toward printed book format. This paper also founds that mobile device adoption plays an important role where early adopters tend to prefer ebook format, whereas laggards are more associated with printed book format. Originality/value Many have studied the benefits of using ebooks in learning, but the literature also shows that most students still prefer reading printed books over ebooks. This is true not only in developing countries where problems with infrastructures can hamper the adoption of ebooks in general but also in developed countries where ebooks are much more prevalent, even among the general population. This paper showed how government interventions have the potency to help tip the scales and nudge students to become ebook readers.

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