Examination of commercially available bird feed for weed seed contaminants

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Oseland ◽  
Mandy Bish ◽  
Christine Spinka ◽  
Kevin Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Proso Millet

AbstractIn 2016 and 2017, 98 separate commercially available bird feed mixes were examined for the presence of weed seed. All weed seed contaminants were counted and identified by species. Amaranthus species were present in 94 of the 98 bags of bird feed. Amaranthus species present in bird feed mixes included waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.). Amaranthus palmeri was present in 27 of the 98 mixes. Seed of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott], grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus L., syn: Polygonum convolvulus), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and Setaria species were also present in bird feed mixes. A greenhouse assay to determine Amaranthus species seed germinability and resistance to glyphosate revealed that approximately 19% of Amaranthus seed in bird feed mixes are readily germinable, and five mixes contained A. tuberculatus and A. palmeri seed that were resistant to glyphosate. Results from linear regression and t-test analysis indicate that when proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), grain sorghum, and corn (Zea mays L.) were present in feed mixes, Amaranthus seed contamination was increased. The presence of proso millet and grain sorghum also increased contamination of grass weed species, while sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) increased A. artemisiifolia contamination and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) increased contamination of Bassia scoparia.

scholarly journals Weed Management in Transplanted Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) with Pretransplant Tank Mixes of Sulfentrazone, S-metolachlor, and Dimethenamid-p

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1492-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
Kristen McNaughton ◽  
Nader Soltani
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Excellent Control

Pepper growers currently have limited access to many effective broadleaf herbicides. Field trials were conducted over a 3-year period in Ontario to study the effect of tank mixtures of sulfentrazone (100 or 200 g·ha−1 a.i.) with either s-metolachlor (1200 or 2400 g·ha−1 a.i.) or dimethenamid-p (750 or 1500 g·ha−1 a.i.) on transplanted bell pepper. Under weed-free conditions, there was no visual injury or reduction in plant height, fruit number, fruit size, or marketable yield of transplanted pepper with pretransplant applications of sulfentrazone applied in tank mixtures with s-metolachlor or dimethenamid-p. The tank mixture of sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor gave greater than 85% control of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum), but only 70% to 76% control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). The combination of sulfentrazone + dimethenamid-p provided good to excellent control of all weed species except velvetleaf. Based on this study, sulfentrazone and dimethenamid-p have potential for minor use registration in pepper.

Utility of Maintained Weed Infestations Under Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Upchurch ◽  
F. L. Selman ◽  
H. L. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Dimethyl Urea ◽  
Polygonum Pensylvanicum

Relatively pure stands of eight weed species were maintained under field conditions on a Goldsboro loamy sand at Lewiston, North Carolina, for all or part of a 6-year period. Herbicides evaluated as preemergence surface treatments for these species were 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb), isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chloropropham), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea (diuron), 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine), and 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben). S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) and a,a,a-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) were evaluated as preemergence incorporated treatments. The first four herbicides were evaluated in 1961, 1964, and 1966 while the last three were evaluated in 1962, 1963, and 1965. A series of rates was used for each chemical with three replications. With the exception of diuron which failed to control goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.), all of the herbicides provided at least a moderate degree of control of goosegrass, smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) at the respective typical field use rates. In general, trifluralin and amiben gave the best grass control and dinoseb the poorest. None of the herbicides effectively controlled common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.) or ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.). Trifluralin and EPTC did not control Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). Chloropropham was ineffective on common ragweed. Simazine, chloropropham, and amiben controlled Pennsylvania smartweed while diuron, simazine, dinoseb, and amiben were especially effective on common lambsquarters. Distinctive patterns of nematode infestations were observed as a function of weed species.

Weed seed destruction by arthropods and rodents in low-input soybean agroecosystems

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E. Brust ◽  
Garfield J. House
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Low Input

AbstractWeed seed consumption experiments involving comparison of rates of seed loss by seed feeders were conducted over a five-week period in low-input (no insecticide, low herbicide usage) conventional- and no-tillage soybean agroecosystems. Seeds of four broadleaf weed species (ragweed[Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.], pigweed[Amaranthus retroflexusL.], sicklepod[Cassia obtusifoliaL.], and jimsonweed[Datura stramoniumL.]) and one grain crop species (wheat[Triticum aestivumL.]) were provided in a free choice design at densities of 10, 25, and 50 seeds/24 cm3. Approximately 2.3 times more seeds overall, and 1.4 times more large seeds as a group were consumed in notillage systems than in conventional-tillage systems. In our experimental low-input, notillage treatments, large ground beetles (Carabidae: Coleoptera) (15–25 mm) and mice preferentially fed on the larger seed species, while small carabids (< 15 mm), ants and crickets, fed almost exclusively on the smaller seed species. Carabid beetles were responsible for more than half of all seeds consumed. Laboratory and field studies indicated that ground beetles selectively consumed specific seed species. In conventional-tillage, ants were one of the dominant consumers of seeds, suggesting different patterns of resource partitioning in each tillage system. We suggest that selective feeding by arthropod seed feeders, in combination with their high number, could affect the species composition and possibly the abundance of weeds in low-input, no-tillage agroecosystems.

scholarly journals STUDY OF WEED FLORA OF MAIZE CROPS IN THE NISAVA DISTRICT

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-345
Author(s):  
Jelica Živić ◽  
Milić Vojinović ◽  
Ivica Stančić ◽  
Saša Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Cultivated Plant ◽  
The Right

The damage from the present weeds in maize crop is shown by the reduction of yield in almost every year and their suppression is completely economically justified. The right selection of herbicides mostly depends on the presence of dominant weed species and the time of application. The paper presents the distribution and existence of economically harmful, invasive and quarantine weed species (Abutilon theophrasti, Agropyrum repens, Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Capsela bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Datura stramonium, Avena fatua, Calystegia sepium, …) on ten locations of maize crops in the Nisava district. Estimation of the species presence was done in two shootings (May and August) on scale 1-4 (1 - species appears individually and occupy up to 5% of the surface, 2 - appears and occupies 5-25% of the surface, 3 - appears often and occupies 25-50% of the surface, 4 - the species prevails over the cultivated plant and occupies over 50% of the surface).

scholarly journals Grain sorghum productivity depending on herbicide application

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 (11) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Kurdyukova ◽  
A. Baranovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Weed Infestation

Abstract. The purpose of the work is to establish the effectiveness of weed in control in crops of grain sorghum with herbicides of soil and leaf action. Scientific novelty. For the first time in sorghum crops for weed control, effective combinations of soil and leaf herbicides have been identified. Methods. Experiments were carried out on the black soils of steppe zone Ukraine. Research methods are generally accepted. The control options were herbicide-free and weed-free. Results. At tillering stage the number of weeds in sorghum crops reached 141 pieces/m2 and their air-dry weight was 218 g/m2. Green amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus), fat hen (Chenopodium album), field mustard (Sinapis arvensis), ragweed ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), bristlegrass (Setaria viridis) were dominant in the crops. The use of foliar-applied herbicides such as Agritox (1 l/ha), Ballerina (0.4 l/ha), Dialen Super (0.7 l/ha) in the stage of three-five leaves and a pre sowing soil-applied herbicide Primextra Gold (3 l/ha) ensured the maximum reduction of weed infestation of grain sorghum crops. The number of weeds with the use of these herbicides decreased by 10.4–19.7 times, and their weight decreased by 4.1–4.8 times in comparison with the options without the use of weed control measures. The conditions for plant growth and development were improved due to the reduction of weed infestation of grain sorghum crops. The growing period of the crop reduced from 125 to 114 days, the height of plants increased by 19–21 cm and their weight increased by 2.7–2.8 times. The sorghum grain yield reached 6.32–6.34 t/ha, which was higher than with the options without the use of weed control measures by 4.01–4.30 t/ha or 3.0–3.1 times. The same results were obtained in production conditions.

STUDY OF WEED FLORA OF MAIZE CROPS IN THE NISAVA DISTRICT

2018 ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
Jelica Živić ◽  
Milić Vojinović ◽  
Ivica Stančić ◽  
Saša Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Cultivated Plant ◽  
The Right

The damage from the present weeds in maize crop is shown by the reduction of yield in almost every year and their suppression is completely economically justified. The right selection of herbicides mostly depends on the presence of dominant weed species and the time of application. The paper presents the distribution and existence of economically harmful, invasive and quarantine weed species (Abutilon theophrasti, Agropyrum repens, Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Capsela bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Datura stramonium, Avena fatua, Calystegia sepium …) on ten locations of maize crops in the Nisava district. Estimation of the species presence was done in two shootings (May and August) on scale 1-4 (1 - species appears individually and occupy up to 5% of the surface, 2 - appears and occupies 5-25% of the surface, 3 - appears often and occupies 25-50% of the surface, 4 - the species prevails over the cultivated plant and occupies over 50% of the surface).

The Basis for Selectivity of Root-Applied Ethofumesate in Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) and Three Weed Species

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Duncan ◽  
William F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Nutrient Culture

The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate] in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) were studied as possible bases for selectivity of preemergence-applied ethofumesate. The sensitive redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters plants translocated more 14C-ethofumesate from nutrient culture to the leaf tissue than did the tolerant sugarbeet and common ragweed. The radioactivity was more highly concentrated in sugarbeet and common ragweed roots. The rapid metabolism of ethofumesate by sugarbeet and common ragweed, particularly that which accumulated in the leaf tissue, appeared related to tolerance.

scholarly journals Weed Interference Affects Dry Bean Yield and Growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein GHAMARI ◽  
Goudarz AHMADVAND
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Logistic Equations ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Minimum Number

Dry bean is one of the most important pulse crops in Iran. Field study was conducted in 2011 to evaluate effects of weed competition from a natural flora on growth and yield of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The treatments consisted of weed infestation and weed removal periods (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days) after crop emergence. Control plots kept weed-infested and weed-free throughout growing season. To assess the weed competition effect on crop characteristics, Richards, Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to the data. The most abundant weed species were Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Increase in duration of weed interference decreased the stem height of dry bean. At the end of the growing season, dry bean was 20 cm taller in season-long weed-free treatment compared to the season-long weed-infested treatment. As the number of days of weed interference increased, a declining trend of LAI and number of pods was observed. The minimum number of pods was obtained in season-long weed-infested treatment (5.01 pods/plant). Weed interference during the whole growing season, caused a 60% reduction in yield. Considering 5% and 10% acceptable yield lost, the critical period of weed competition was determined from 20 to 68 and 23 to 55 days after planting (DAE), respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of tillage method and weeding regime on soil weed seed bank status and yield performance of wheat

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
MJ Khatun ◽  
M Begum ◽  
MM Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Tillage Method ◽  
Tillage Methods

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory and net house of the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from November 2012 to March 2014. Wheat (cv. BARI Gom-26) was sown with two tillage methods viz., (i) conventional tillage and (ii) stale seedbed technique and nine weeding regimes viz., (i) Unweeded (Control), (ii) Weed free, (iii) Hand weeding (HW) at 15 Days after sowing (DAS), (iv) HW at 15 and 45 DAS, (v)   HW at 25 and 45 DAS (vi) HW at 25 DAS (vii) HW at 25 and 60 DAS (viii) 2,4-D amine at 15 DAS and (ix) 2,4-D amine at 15 DAS + HW at 60 DAS. The design was split-plot with three replications where tillage method was assigned to the main plots and weeding regime to the sub plots. Conventionally tilled plots were infested with 12 weed species of which the five most dominant weed species in descent order were Polygonum coccineum L, Chenopodium album L, Cynodon dactylon L., Sonchus arvensis L. and Cyperus rotundus L. In stale seedbed out of 15 weed species Digitaria sanguinalis L. and Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamk. was dominant instead of Chenopodium album L. and Sonchus arvensis L. identified in conventional tillage. In soil weed seed bank study, 28 species were identified in conventional tillage and 30 in stale seedbed. Among them annuals were dominant over perennials and broadleaves over grasses and sedges. In conventional tillage, the five most dominant weed species in descent order were Chenopodium album L., Hedyotis corymbosa L., Sonchus arvensis L., Polygonum coccineum L. and Rotala ramosior L. while in stale seedbed, five dominant weeds were Polygonum coccineum L., Chenopodium album L., Cynodon dactylon L., Lindernia procumbens Krock. and L. hyssopifolia L. Except the number of spikelets spike-1, rest of all other yield attributes and yield of wheat were affected significantly by the tillage methods. Stale seedbed technique yielded the higher grain (3.54 t ha-1) and the conventional tillage yielded the lower (3.13 t ha-1). The effect of weeding regime was significant on wheat except plant height and 1000-grain weight. The highest grain yield (3.85 t ha-1) was recorded from weed free treatment followed by 2,4-D amine at 15 DAS and lowest (3.22 t ha-1) from control. Interaction between the treatments was also. The highest grain yield (4.09 t ha-1) was recorded from the stale seedbed technique kept weed free followed by 2,4-D amine at 15 DAS and lowest grain yield (3.04 t ha-1) recorded from the conventional tillage retained unweeded.Progressive Agriculture 27 (1): 9-19, 2016

scholarly journals Isoxaflutole and metribuzin interactions in isoxaflutole-resistant soybean

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (05) ◽  
pp. 485-496
Author(s):  
Andrea Smith ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Allan C. Kaastra ◽  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Soybean Leaf

AbstractHerbicide-resistant weeds are a growing concern globally; in response, new herbicide resistance traits are being inserted into crops. Isoxaflutole-resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] will provide a new mode of action for use in this crop. Ten experiments were conducted over a 2-yr period (2017, 2018) to determine herbicide interactions between isoxaflutole and metribuzin on soybean injury, weed control efficacy, and soybean yield on a range of soil types. Soybean leaf-bleaching injury caused by isoxaflutole was most severe at sites with higher levels of rainfall after application. Control of weed species with isoxaflutole (52.5, 79, and 105 g ai ha−1) and metribuzin (210, 315, and 420 g ai ha−1) differed by site based on amount of rainfall after application. At sites where there was sufficient rainfall for herbicide activation, isoxaflutole at all rates controlled common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), Amaranthus spp., common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) &gt;90%; metribuzin at all rates controlled Amaranthus spp. and witchgrass (Panicum capillare L.) &gt;80%. Control of every weed species evaluated was reduced when there was limited rainfall after herbicide application. The co-application of isoxaflutole + metribuzin resulted in additive or synergistic interactions for the control of C. album, Amaranthus spp., A. artemisiifolia, A. theophrasti, Setaria spp., barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv], and P. capillare. Isoxaflutole and metribuzin can be an effective management strategy for common annual broadleaf and grass weeds in Ontario if timely rainfall events occur after herbicide application.

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