The Tourist Trap: Great Britain, Postwar Recovery, and the Marshall Plan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Mariel Grant
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
World War ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
The Government

Abstract After World War II, Great Britain faced major economic problems, which the government sought to rectify by reviving export markets and achieving a favorable balance of trade. One overlooked component of reconstruction was a decision to recognize tourism as an “invisible export,” a way to draw currency, especially American dollars, into the country. However, in a period characterized by scarcity, rationing, and austerity measures, the endeavor presented enormous challenges. The situation was exacerbated by the advent of the Marshall Plan in 1948. It required British participation in a European-based tourism scheme that jeopardized the success of Britain's own initiative and, ironically, could potentially undermine the economic benefits that Marshall Plan participation was supposed to provide. In exploring the history of British tourism policy in this era, this article shows the extent to which the Marshall Plan compromised an important aspect of British reconstruction policy. It can thereby better inform our understanding of the complexities of postwar reconstruction and of Britain's guarded response to aspects of the Marshall Plan—particularly the American initiative to promote greater European economic integration in the immediate postwar era.

scholarly journals The 9Rs Strategies for the Circular Economy 3.0

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1440-1446
Author(s):  
Kannikar Khaw-ngern Et al.
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Closed Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
History Of

Circular economy (CE) was first introduced in the 1970s as an alternative economic model for replacing the traditional linear industrial economy, the take-make-use-throw approach. However, transition to a more circular economy can be challenging due to the untenable assumptions. It is viewed as a strategy enabling the ‘decoupling’ of resource use from economic growth, but there are still questions whether the CE can decouple resource use from economic growth. The purpose of this article is to study the evolution of the circular economy and the synthesis of the 10Rs hierarchy, to examine the circular economy roadmap and to review the strategies of 9Rs and the benefits of circular economy. Documentary study and literature review were used for data collection. It is found that the history of circular economy started as early as before World War II, known as closed economy. Then, the concept of circular economy evolved to CE 1.0, CE 2.0, and CE 3.0 since 2010 onward. Although 10R hierarchy (from R0-R9) was proposed to solve confusion around new conceptions of circularity, the waste-to-energy (Recovery) does not promote resource efficiency when considering the loss of value of potentially recyclable materials through combustion. Circular Economy, when successfully implemented, can clearly bring environmental, social and economic benefits. However, a CE roadmap should integrate the key stakeholders’ views on the essential developments and actions required for the transition as well as clarifies their own role in the transition.

scholarly journals Service and Life of British and Soviet Women in the Navy during World War II

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
N. Zaletok
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
World War ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Women In The Navy ◽  
Military Units

Comparative studies on the experiences of female representatives of different countries in WWII remain relevant today. They not only deepen our understanding of the life of women at war, but also allow us to explore the power regimes of different states at one stage or another. After all, the government organized the activities of various groups of the population aimed at winning the war. Women were no exception in this respect, regardless of whether they worked in the rear or defended their homeland with weapons in hand. For centuries, the navy for the most part represented a purely masculine environment, and the presence of a woman on a ship was considered a bad omen. However, the scale of hostilities during the world wars and, as a consequence, the need for a constant supply of personnel to the armed forces made their adjustments – states began to gradually recruit women to serve in the navy. The article compares the experiences of Great Britain and the USSR in attracting women to serve in the navy during WWII. The countries were chosen not by chance, as they represent democracy and totalitarianism, respectively, and studying their practice of involving women in the navy can deepen our knowledge of these regimes. After analysing the experience of women’s service in the navy in 1939-1945, the author concludes that their recruitment to the navy in Great Britain took place through a special organization – the Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS). Its personnel were trained mostly separately from men and then sent to military units of the navy. The USSR did not create separate women's organizations for this purpose; women served in the same bodies as men. The main purpose of mobilizing women to the navy in both the USSR and Great Britain was initially to replace men in positions on land to release the latter for service at sea. However, in both countries there were cases when women also served at sea. The range of positions available to them in the navy expanded during the war, and in the USSR reached its apogee in the form of admission of women to combat positions. In Great Britain, women in the navy did not officially perform combat roles, and there was a ban on them from using lethal weapons.

THEODOR FISCHER: PLAN AND BUILDING REGULATIONS MUNICH 1904

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 6-18
Author(s):  
Vasily Filippov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
World War ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Expansion Plan ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

The issues of preserving the urban planning heritage of Russian cities and the proposed methods of its preservation are discussed. The study of the morphology of Russian cities is presented as an example of a scientific approach to the description of the urban environment as a possible object for conservation. The history of the expansion plan and urban planning regulations for Munich, created by Theodor Fischer and based on the task of the morphology of urban space, adopted in 1904 and current for 75 years, regardless of the government in Germany, is described. The plan and regulations became the basis for the development of the city, its restoration after World War II and the preservation of its urban environment.

1. Integration and Disintegration before 1945

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Stirk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
New Order ◽  
Nation State ◽  
World War ◽  
National Integration ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines patterns of national integration and international disintegration in the decades before World War II. It first provides an overview of integration and disintegration before World War I, along with World War I and postwar reconstruction, before discussing the challenge of the New Order envisioned by Adolf Hitler. It argues that national integration was a source of myths that formed an obstacle to the consolidation of incipient European integration. It also shows that economic integration did not lead inexorably to political unification and that visions of empire, central to the history of the major European states, challenged the supposed pre-eminence of the nation state and were bound up, in varying degrees, with some visions of integration. Finally, the chapter explains how integration, often assumed to be a peaceful process in contrast to the violent proclivities of nationalism and the nation state, has not always taken a benign form.

scholarly journals Ukrainian Diaspora in the Struggle with Russian Falsifiers of the History of Ukraine after World War II

2021 ◽  
pp. 200-209
Author(s):  
Mykola Tymoshyk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Positive Solution ◽  
English Language ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet People ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The article is based on the author’s processing of the archives of Ukrainian emigration during his research internship in Great Britain. His task was to find out and clarify the means and ways used by the Ukrainian diaspora in its struggle against Moscow’s information and propaganda offensive against the Western community’s positive resolution of the “Ukrainian question” after World War II.That was the time when the Russian governmental machine intensified its counter-propaganda work in the Western direction. Under those conditions, the world continued to perceive Ukrainians as part of the “great Soviet people” who unanimously built communism, and Ukraine itself as only a formal state declaratively writing its name in UN documents as a country with a significant contribution to the victory over fascism.Under the conditions of statelessness, Ukrainian public institutions abroad replaced state embassies and official representations and took on the responsible task to constantly plant the Ukrainian information field.The Ukrainian diaspora used the following means in its struggle against Moscow’s information and propaganda offensive against the Western community’s positive solution of the “Ukrainian question”.In particular, it was a matter of checking the presence of materials on Ukrainian studies in the main libraries of the countries where Ukrainian emigrants lived compactly. Foreign authors’ interpretation of mentions was said about Ukraine and Ukrainians in those few texts was analyzed.Representatives of Ukrainian public organizations established personal contacts with directors of libraries in cities with a compact residence of Ukrainians. The goal was to create Ukrainian book and press departments there. In 1948, a centralized network was established in Munich to provide major foreign libraries with Ukrainian publications.The successful breakthrough of the Moscow information blockade on the issue of the Holodomor of 1933 happened due to publication of a series of English-language brochures on this issue at the expense of the Ukrainian Youth Association abroad.

The Archival System of Former French West Africa

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
G. Wesley Johnson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
West Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
Current Status ◽  
World War ◽  
French West Africa ◽  
Parent Organization ◽  
Equatorial Africa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

In September and October of 1964, I visited the various centers once forming links in the archival system of French West Africa. Contrary to what occurred in Equatorial Africa, the French left these archival holdings in place, except for current material which was shipped to the rue Oudinot (Ministry of Colonies) in Paris. The center of the West African system was the Archives of the Government-General in Dakar (later the High Commission). Based originally on the Senegalese holdings, this archive became an independent agency of the federal government and was the parent organization of subsidiary archives for Senegal, Mauritania, Soudan, Upper Volta, Niger, Dahomey, Ivory Coast, and Guinea. It was parallel in structure to the Institut Français d'Afrique Noire (IFAN), which also had its headquarters in Dakar and maintained subsidiary centers for each territory. In some cases, the archives and IFAN centers were amalgamated (during World War II) and the history of the two organizations is often inseparable. This survey is an attempt to describe the establishment and development of these archival centers, how their material was organized and can be used for research, and their current status in the independent countries.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic signs of an innovative economy by the case of Great Britain

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 00072
Author(s):  
Mikhail Savelyev ◽  
Mikhail Kozyrev ◽  
Andrey Savchenko ◽  
Vladimir Koretsky ◽  
Rail Galiakhmetov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
World War ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Institutional Innovations

By the case of the economic development of Great Britain, the hypothesis was verified that innovations at the macroeconomic level should accelerate economic growth and at the same time reduce development risks, stabilizing this growth, reducing its fluctuations under the influence of market factors. The economic development of Great Britain is investigated in 25 economic cycles for the period from 1830-2020. Economic development was investigated according to the parameters of economic growth and development risk in each of the considered cycles. Four types of economic development policy are theoretically described in terms of the dynamics of changes in growth and risk between the previous and subsequent cycles including progressive, regressive, aggressive and conservative. In relation to the identified periods of progressive development policy in Great Britain, the institutional innovations that led to this type of development were investigated. Among them was the great economic reform of the early Victorian era, the course of social or new liberalism and the popular budget before the First World War, the activities of the first Labor government immediately after this war, economic recovery after World War II in combination with the Marshall plan and nationalization, the era of the Conservatives and the politics of New Labor at the end of the 20th century. The study showed that the implementation of authentic national culture and institutions complementary to the existing authentic culture institutions of institutional innovations leads to a simultaneous decrease in the risk of development and acceleration of economic growth, which can be considered the most favorable policy of macroeconomic management of entrepreneurial activity in order to accelerate the application of technical and commercial innovations.

scholarly journals LABOR DAILY LIFE OF THE SOVIET ELITE IN LENINGRAD IN THE ERA OF LATE STALINISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-83
Author(s):  
A.A. Amosova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Leading Cadres

The article presents the research of the working norms and practices of the Soviet elite in the 1945-1950. The main attention is paid to the political biographies of the chairmen of Leningrad local government (Soviets). The research is based on methods of the oral history and the history of emotions; its source base includes documents from the archives of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Crimea. The studied generation of Leningrad leading cadres came to government positions in the late 1930s, after the repressions of the "Great Terror". The members of the Soviet elite passed the testing of their professional skills during World War II and the Blockade of Leningrad, and directed the forced postwar reconstruction of the national economy. In the late 1940s, they became victims of the so-called “Leningrad affair”.

Integration by Parts

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Barany
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Mathematical Research ◽  
World War ◽  
Integration By Parts ◽  
French Mathematician ◽  
Study Material ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
History Of

This paper accounts for the intercontinental elaboration of French mathematician Laurent Schwartz’s theory of distributions in the years immediately following World War II by tracing how mathematicians explained the theory to each other, advanced new interpretations, and reconciled existing ones. Situating distributions in mathematicians’ changing contexts of funding, travel, and publication, especially in connection with the postwar reconstruction of international science, I argue that wordplay and suggestive comparisons—often termed “abuses of language”—helped tie communities of scholars together across disparate geographies and fields of study. Material limits and linguistic ambiguity, here, offered important resources for asserting relevance and unity in a fragmented and heterogeneous discipline. I show in particular how reinterpretations and puns of the calculus technique of integration by parts helped advocates of Schwartz’s theory create a far-reaching community of students and researchers that was itself partially integrated—with distributions’ scholars believing themselves to be using a common theory while understanding and using that theory in considerably different (if sometimes mutually recognizable) ways. If exponents of modern mathematical research and pedagogy tend to emphasize settled theories and stabilized innovations, the history of these activities demands a converse emphasis on the variable and ongoing labor required to reconcile techniques and concepts—a labor that often hinges on theories’ instability, pliability, and susceptibility to play.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

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