URBAN PLANNING WITH THE GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The problem of urban planning in the context of globalization and the intensification of urban growth is considered in the context of sustainable development. Under UN-Habitat regulations, urban development must be in line with five principles: compactness, high density, mixed use, variety, limited land-use specialization. Compact urban development is a model for sustainable urban development, based on the synergy of three main dimensions: social, economic and environmental. In contrast to the approach to territorial zoning, the compact city model pays attention not only to the development of mixed land use, but also to social needs in places of employment, leisure, recreation, as well as the need for economic resources. In order to identify strategies for designing a sustainable architectural and planning structure, theoretical approaches to the practice of urban planning are investigated. Implementation of the provisions of UN-Habitat is aimed at reducing energy consumption and harmful emissions, preserving biodiversity, reducing the cost of infrastructure and increasing labor productivity, which helps to achieve a balance of social, economic and environmental goals of sustainable development.

ABOUT ARCHITECTURE AS A VITAL

Architecture is a spatial phenomenon of human culture. Its origins are puzzling with indispensable references to materiality and the distinction between shelter and surroundings. But it is these links that take us away from a few important concepts.

THE STUDY OF THE YARD SPACE AS A CONFLICT TERRITORY

The aspects of the mutual influence of the environment and local communities at various levels of spatial development are considered. Using the example of the city of Samara, it is studied how the social and demographic composition of the inhabitants has a direct impact on territorial relations within the district. The main trends and prospects of self-development for characteristic socio-spatial units of the city, as well as planning and administrative methods of preventing territorial conflicts are presented. The necessary conditions for spatial self-organization and the formation of viable urban communities are described.

FEATURES OF PERCEPTION OF URBAN SPACE IN THE HISTORICAL CENTER OF A LARGE CITY

The city develops over time, creating a continuous series of unique impressions from the perception of urban spaces. Many environmental parameters affect the perception of the urban environment, form the structures of perception and its atmospheric features. Socio-cultural knowledge of the city, expanding the glossary of architectural and urban planning theory, is engaged in the study of such parameters of the urban environment as the time factor of perception, anthropological parameters, the angle and scale of visual perception, urban gaps, which allows you to expand the idea of the city as a unique phenomenon and process. An attempt has been made to investigate the structure of the perception of the urban space of the central part of Samara.

MODEL AS A METHOD OF COMMUNICATION

The article is devoted to general theoretical issues of communication in the perception of architecture. When adopting the axiomatic position about the adequacy of the perception of architecture “on the spot”, i.e. with direct physical and visual contact of the subject of perception with the architectural object, the authors raise the question of the translation of this perception to another subject who does not have the possibility of direct perception by deconstructing the resulting image, forming on this basis a model as an object of translation. The perceiving subject, i.e. “subject two”, in turn, deciphers the model and, based on it, forms a new image by extrapolation, homogeneous to the primary impression in the case of successful translation. The article describes the nuances and complexities of such a process.

LANDSCAPE AND RECREATIONAL FRAME OF RAILWAY STATION AREAS

The article examines the problems that the station areas of the largest cities face in the process of their development. The article reveals such concepts as the landscape-recreational frame of the territory, its functions, the search for possible reserves for spatial development and improving the quality of the ecology of the environment. Natural and anthropogenic factors influencing the formation and operation of the frame elements are analyzed.

ORIGIN OF THE CHICAGO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

The consequences of the fires of 1866-1872 for the architecture of three US cities and the first two years of Chicago’s recovery after the fire of 1871 with a further break until the end of the decade are described. The role of this break in the development of Jenney’s creativity, which led to the emergence of the Chicago School, and the work of James McLaughlin, which did not develop in Cincinnati, are shown. The role of Peter Wight in promoting the ideas of Viollet-le-Duc, which became the basis of the movement, and his influence on the leaders of Burnham and Root, are noted. It describes the partnership between Adler and Sullivan, their works that foreshadowed Art Nouveau, the contacts of Burnham and Root with the Brooks brothers’ developers, which influenced the development and then the existence of the Chicago School.

ABANDONED OBJECTS. FROM UTOPIA TO REALITY: VIABILITY CRITERIA

The article discusses the change in the architectural typology of abandoned objects over time. The influence of time on their town-planning position and typological components - function, design and form are analyzed. Abandoned object - a structure created by man, but not in use today. They went their way “ from reality to utopia.” An attempt is made to figure out why this happened and whether the return path is possible - “ from utopia to reality”. In conclusion, the concepts of general and environmental criteria for assessing the viability of abandoned objects are introduced, and on their basis the concept of the architectural and typological potential of a structure is formulated.

ACCESS CONTROL IN THE POLYCENTRIC PLANNING STRUCTURES

The article focuses on the study of complex polycentric planning structures that are most characteristic of large multifunctional buildings. The question of the spatial typology of multifunctional public buildings is studied, various planning principles of access restriction are briefly considered. The planning system can be open to the external urban environment, i.e. extroverted, and closed, based on internal control, i.e. introverted, and also develop as a traditional system of barriers. The author describes the relationship between the protection and the permeability of spaces, including visual and physical. The issue of ensuring security and access control in such megastructures is investigated, it is concluded that their space-planning organization is built as a system of barriers dividing the building spaces into different access levels, which is provided by a communication framework.

THE PHENOMENON OF TIME IN THE SAMARA HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of time, its manifestations in the Samara historical environment. The reflection of different modes of time in the spatial environment is an important quality of the “real” city, it gives the place emotional depth, defines identity, forms the spiritual and cultural life of the inhabitants. The material analyzes the following time modes: irreversible change, infinity, eternity. It is revealed that the historical environment of Samara has the quality of multitemporality (the presence of several forms of time perception), formed over a long period of time.