scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dating of a Multi-phase Passage Tomb on Baltinglass Hill, Co. Wicklow, Ireland

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 305-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick J. Schulting ◽  
Meriel Mcclatchie ◽  
Alison Sheridan ◽  
Rowan Mclaughlin ◽  
Phil Barratt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Hazelnut Shell ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Multi Phase ◽  
Hazelnut Shells ◽  
Calcined Bone

Baltinglass is a multi-chamber Neolithic passage tomb in Co. Wicklow, Ireland, excavated in the 1930s. This paper presents the results of a radiocarbon dating programme on charred wheat grains and hazelnut shell found underlying the cairn, and on cremated human bone found within and near two of the monument’s five chambers. The results are surprising, in that three of the six determinations on calcined bone pre-date by one or two centuries the charred cereals and hazelnut shells sealed under the cairn, dating to c. 3600–3400 calbc. Of the remaining three bone results, one is coeval with the charred plant remains, while the final two can be placed in the period 3300/3200–2900 calbc, that is more traditionally associated with developed passage tombs. A suggested sequence of construction is presented beginning with a simple tomb lacking a cairn, followed by a burning event – perhaps a ritual preparation of the ground – involving the deposition of cereal grains and other materials, very rapidly and intentionally sealed under a layer of clay, in turn followed by at least two phases involving the construction of more substantial chambers and associated cairns. What was already a complex funerary monument has proven to be even more complex, with a history spanning at least six centuries.

Radiocarbon Dating of the Transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age in Northeastern Syria

Radiocarbon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Koliński ◽  
Tomasz Goslar
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Residual Material ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Multi Phase ◽  
The Bronze Age

ABSTRACTThe paper presents radiocarbon (14C) dates of samples collected from the Bronze Age cultural strata (VI–II) excavated within Sector P, Tell Arbid, Khabur Triangle, northern Mesopotamia. These strata contain objects (remains of a caravanserai, pits, graves, pottery kilns, and multi-phase houses) representing the periods of Early Jezirah 4-5, and Old Jezirah I-II. 14C dating of these strata was especially important because of a clearly visible period of abandonment of the area at the onset of 2nd millennium BC, recorded on all Khabur Triangle sites studied so far, and because of the questionable reliability of the chronology derived from scarce historical sources. Of the 29 samples of cereal grains, 9 appeared to contain residual material, while Bayesian-analyzed 14C ages of the remaining 20 allowed us to say that, at the turn of the 3rd millennium BC, Tell Arbid was abandoned later than other sites in the area, and that it was occupied over a distinctly longer period during the early 2nd millennium.

scholarly journals NANOFIBER PRODUCTION FROM LIQUEFIED HAZELNUT SHELL WITH THE ADDITION OF REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE AND POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 953-965
Author(s):  
ÖMER ÖNAL ◽  
MUSTAFA YAZICI ◽  
ISMAIL TIYEK ◽  
KONUS OGUZHAN ◽  
MEHMET HAKKI ALMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Reduced Graphene Oxide ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone ◽  
Hummers Method ◽  
Reduced Graphene ◽  
Electrospinning Method ◽  
Hazelnut Shell ◽  
Hazelnut Shells

In this study, in order to produce nanofibers from waste hazelnut shells, a lignocellulosic biomass, firstly, liquefied hazelnut shell (LHS) was obtained by liquefaction of waste hazelnut shells using phenol and some chemicals. Then, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was produced by Hummers’ method. RGO and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were added to LHS, in certain proportions, to form seven different LHS-RGO-PVP solutions with ethanol/dimethylformamide (EtOH/DMF). From these solutions, nanofiber surfaces were obtained by a semi-industrial electrospinning device. The morphology of the nanofibers and the properties of the electrospinning solution were investigated, and it was observed that the optimum nanofibers were obtained from 7.5% LHS/10% PVP/5.6% RGO solution by the electrospinning method. It has been determined that the conductivity is slightly reduced by the addition of RGO to the solution, the viscosity is greatly reduced, the nanofiber diameters are reduced by approximately half, and thinner nanofibers are obtained

scholarly journals Freshwater reservoir offsets on radiocarbon-dated dog bone from the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River, USA

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7174
Author(s):  
John P. Hart ◽  
Robert S. Feranec ◽  
Timothy J. Abel ◽  
Jessica L. Vavrasek
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Freshwater Reservoir ◽  
St Lawrence River

Isotopic analysis of dog (Canis lupus familiaris) bone recovered from archaeological sites as proxies for human bone is becoming common in North America. Chronological placement of the dogs is often determined through radiocarbon dating of dog bone. The Great Lakes, their tributaries, and nearby lakes and streams were important fisheries for Native Americans prior to and after sustained European presence in the region. Carbon entering the food web in freshwater systems is often not in full isotopic equilibrium with the atmosphere, giving rise to spuriously old radiocarbon ages in fish, other aquatic organisms, and their consumers. These freshwater reservoir offsets (FROs) have been noted on human and dog bone in several areas of the world. Here we report the results of multi-tracer Bayesian dietary modeling using δ15N and δ13C values on dog bone collagen from mid-fifteenth to mid-sixteenth-century Iroquoian village sites at the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River, New York, USA. Results indicate that fish was an important component of dog diets. A comparison of radiocarbon dates on dog bone with dates on deer bone or maize from the same sites indicate FROs ranging from 97 ± 24 to 220 ± 39 14Cyr with a weighted mean of 132 ± 8 14Cyr. These results suggest that dog bone should not be used for radiocarbon dating in the absence of modeling to determine fish consumption and that previously reported radiocarbon dates on human bone from the larger region are likely to have FROs given the known importance of fish in regional human diets.

scholarly journals Age Discrepancies with the Radiocarbon Dating of Sagebrush (Artemisia Tridentata Nutt.)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil R Geib
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Artemisia Tridentata ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Wood Charcoal ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Tree Wood ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Age Discrepancy

When ancient hearths at open archaeological sites do not yield carbonized annual plant remains or other high-quality samples, wood charcoal is commonly used for radiocarbon dating. Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.), a shrub frequently used for fuel across much of the western United States, seems a potentially better candidate for 14C dating than tree wood since the possibility for significant age discrepancy might be less. A comparison of multiple assays from single features reveals that sagebrush can overestimate age more than even tree wood charcoal. A plausible cause of this appears to be persistence of the shrub on the ground surface for an extended interval after death, such that use as fuel almost invariably occurs hundreds of years after fixation of carbon. The potential for age discrepancy may decrease as population density increases because the demand for fuel wood would have resulted in a more rapid turnover of the fuel biomass. This is not true for Archaic period foragers of western North America when population levels were likely quite low and residential mobility quite high.

A Reassessment of the Routine Pretreatment Protocol for Radiocarbon Dating Cremated Bones

Radiocarbon ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Snoeck ◽  
Richard A Staff ◽  
Fiona Brock
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Calcined Bone

AbstractIn the late 1990s, it was demonstrated that reliable radiocarbon dates could be obtained directly from cremated bone. Many 14C laboratories have since used a protocol for pretreating cremated (calcined) bones that consists of consecutive treatments with bleach and acetic acid to remove organic matter and extraneous or diagenetic carbonate, respectively. In most instances, the bleach used is sodium hypochlorite, although in recent years the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) has used acidified sodium chlorite instead. However, properly calcined (white) bones should not contain any organic material; hence, the bleach treatment is potentially unnecessary. This article describes studies investigating the effectiveness of bleach (and the specific bleach used) during pretreatment of calcined bone, and demonstrates that 14C dates on six cremated bone samples are statistically indistinguishable whether or not the initial bleach step is applied.

scholarly journals CALCINED BONE AS A RELIABLE MEDIUM FOR RADIOCARBON DATING: A TEST USING PAIRED NORTH AMERICAN SAMPLES

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Chatters ◽  
James W. Brown ◽  
Steven Hackenberger ◽  
Patrick McCutcheon ◽  
Jonathan Adler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Organic Media ◽  
Radiocarbon Age ◽  
Cross Dating ◽  
Chronometric Analysis ◽  
Calcined Bone ◽  
Age Estimates

Radiocarbon dating using charcoal and bone collagen, two standards of archaeological chronology, can be difficult to impossible in environments where natural burning is common and bone does not preserve well. In such settings, charcoal ages cannot always be trusted and collagen is unavailable. Calcined bone can be a viable alternative medium in these situations but it has rarely been exploited in the Americas. One area that could benefit from its use is the forested Pacific Northwest. We compare calcined bone ages with charcoal and/or collagen dates from individual features or discrete cultural strata in 10 Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and British Columbia sites dating between 9000 and 100 B.P. Resulting radiocarbon age estimates based on calcined bone closely match those based on charcoal and/or collagen in nearly all cases. We obtained calcined bone dates from three additional Holocene-aged sites that had not previously produced accurate results, obtaining findings consistent with estimates based on cross dating. Preserving well where all other organic media of cultural origin are lost or unreliable, calcined bone holds promise for dating sites in conifer forests and other acidic soil settings, and can allow researchers to refine archaeological sequences that have long defied accurate chronometric analysis.

scholarly journals Testing the Use of δ2H Values for Reservoir Corrections in Radiocarbon Dating Human Bone

Radiocarbon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1637-1648
Author(s):  
L G van der Sluis ◽  
N Ogle ◽  
P J Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Maximum Difference ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
Marine Protein ◽  
Small Dataset

AbstractConsumption of marine protein in humans and animals can result in an apparent older radiocarbon (14C) age due to reservoir offsets. In order to correct for this, an estimate of the marine protein intake should be used to correct the 14C age for reservoir offsets, which is ordinarily done using δ13C or δ15N values. However, these two isotopic proxies can be influenced by a number of factors which can hamper estimation of the correct marine protein intake. A small dataset of 12 samples from the Limfjord, Denmark, ranging in age from Mesolithic to Viking Age, was used to test the use of δ2H values to quantify marine protein intake and determine the reservoir corrections. Each of the three stable isotopic values (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N) was used to estimate the percent marine protein intake, which produced three different calibrated 14C ages. The calculated percent marine protein intake differed between the use of the stable isotopic ratios with a maximum difference of 42.1% between the use of δ15N and δ13C, 23.8% between δ2H and δ13C, and 46.2% between δ2H and δ15N. In some cases the calculated percent marine protein intake changed the sample’s archaeological period, although there was generally still overlap in the archaeological periods for samples used in this study.

Iron Age inhumation burials at Yarnton, Oxfordshire

Antiquity ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (281) ◽  
pp. 551-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gill Hey ◽  
Alex Bayliss ◽  
Angela Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Common Part ◽  
Burial Practice ◽  
Middle Iron Age

Radiocarbon dating of unaccompanied skeletons discovered during the excavation of an Iron Age, Roman and Saxon settlement at Yarnton, Oxfordshire, unexpectedly revealed the presence of a middle Iron Age cemetery (3rd or 4th century cal BC). British Iron Age burials before the 1st century BC are usually found as individuals, often in pits on settlement sites, or are repersented by disarticulated human bone. This paper explores whether cemeteries were a more common part of Iron Age burial practice than hitherto believed, or whether the Yarnton burials were a highly unusual and localized phenomenon? It highlights the merits of obtaining radiocarbon determinations on otherwise undated burials.

Lectins as Cytochemical Probes of the Developing Wheat Grain. IV. Demonstration of Mucilage Containing L-Fucose Associated With Roots in Ungerminated Grain

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Baldo ◽  
AL Reid ◽  
PA Boniface
Keyword(s):  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Root Cap ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Ulex Europaeus

Fluorescein-labelled lectins from Ulex europaeus and Lotus tetragonolobus, each with a specific binding affinity for L-fucose, reacted with carbohydrate material in the root cap and surrounding the roots in the embryos of developing wheat grains. The reactions were completely inhibited by preincubation of the lectins with L-fucose and were observed throughout development of the grain from 6 days post-anthesis to physiological maturity 29 days later. These findings provide the first demonstration of the location of L-fucose in the wheat grain. Although a lectin-reactive slime or mucilage containing L-fucose has been studied by others in the roots of germinated cereal grains, particularly maize, our results demonstrate that such a mucilage already occurs around the roots prior to germination.

scholarly journals CALCIUM OXALATE RADIOCARBON DATING: PRELIMINARY TESTS TO DATE ROCK ART OF THE DECORATED OPEN-AIR CAVES, ERONGO MOUNTAINS, NAMIBIA

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Jean-Pascal Dumoulin ◽  
Matthieu Lebon ◽  
Ingrid Caffy ◽  
Guilhem Mauran ◽  
Alma Nankela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Targeted Sampling ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
First Results ◽  
Two Phases

ABSTRACT The direct dating of rock paintings is not always possible due to the lack of organic carbon compounds in pigments, or because sampling from a heritage site is often restricted. To overcome these limitations, dating laboratories have to develop new approaches. In this study, we consider sampling calcium oxalate crusts covering the painted artworks as a way to indirectly date the rock art. This stratigraphic approach includes isolating and extracting pure oxalate from the crusts. The approach was tested on natural bulk accretions collected in the open-air sites of Erongo Mountains in Namibia. The accretions were separated into two phases (pure oxalate and the remaining residues) with a special pretreatment. This process removes carbonates through acidification (HCl 6N) and dissolves the oxalate into the supernatant, leaving the minerals and windblown organic compounds in the residue. The efficiency of the separation was checked on the two phases by FTIR analyses and by 14C dating and showed that pure oxalate powders were indeed obtained. AMS radiocarbon results of various accretions on the same art panels provided ages from modern periods to 2410 ± 35 BP. From these first results, more targeted sampling campaigns can be considered to provide a terminus ante quem for the rock art.

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