Lactational oestrus in the sow 4. Variation in the incidence and timing of lactational oestrus in groups of sows

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Bryant ◽  
G. Palmer ◽  
D. J. Petherick ◽  
P. Rowlinson
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
White Male ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Hybrid Female ◽  
Large White ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTEighty multiparous Camborough hybrid female pigs (sows) and their litters, on average 15 days post partum, were housed in groups of five in multi-accommodation pens. The sows were fed ad libitum on a proprietary diet containing 160 g crude protein per kg from grouping to 30 days post partum, when they were fed to scale twice daily in individual feeders until weaning at 42 days post partum. One of four Large White male pigs (boars) was introduced to each group on the day following grouping, each boar being run with four groups.Oestrus occurred in 62 sows, on average 10·2 ± 3·3 days after grouping. The differences between groups in the interval from grouping and boar introduction to the onset of oestrus were statistically significant (P < 0·01). Neither the incidence nor the timing of oestrus could be related to the identity of the boar.Regression analysis revealed relationships between a number of independent variables and the incidence and timing of lactational oestrus. Sows which gained more live weight from farrowing to weaning and whose litters consumed more creep food were more likely to show lactational oestrus. Sows were slower to show lactational oestrus when they gained little weight from farrowing to weaning, had lower live weights at weaning and gained less weight from the previous weaning, despite eating comparatively more food during grouping. The sows which took longer to show lactational oestrus also had heavier piglets at grouping and more piglets in their litters at weaning. The difficulties arising in the interpretation of these results are discussed.

scholarly journals Live and internal organ weights of male growing pigs fed low protein and low energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
R. A. Amaefule ◽  
D. N. Onunkwo ◽  
O. C. Ilouno ◽  
T. C. Iwuji ◽  
I. P. Ogbuewu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
White Male ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Large White

Organ characteristics of male growing male pigs fed low crude protein and low energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme were determined using 36 hybrid (Landrace x Large white) male pigs of 8-10 weeks old. Two metabolizable energy (3000 and 2600 Kcal ME/kg) and three crude protein levels (14, 16 and 18 % CP) were used to formulate six dietary treatments; T1: control (3000 Kcal ME/kg; 18 % CP), T2 (3000 Kcal ME/Kg; 16 % CP), T3 (3000 Kcal ME/kg; 14 % CP), T4 (2600 Kcal ME/kg; 18 % CP), T5 (2600 Kcal ME/kg; 16 % CP) and T6 (2600 Kcal ME/kg; 14 % CP). The enzyme was added to all the treatments at 1g/kg diet except the control. The treatments were replicated three times with two pigs per replicate. The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial. The pigs were starved for 12 hours but allowed access to drinking water, stunned and bled completely. It was cut open though the thorax region along the underline to the abdomen, exposing the entire internal organs and GIT contents. The heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and other internal organs were examined, carefully removed and weighed with a sensitive electronic kitchen scale, model SF-400. Higher (P <0.05) live weight (33500.00g), with lower (P <0.05) mean values for heart and viscera were recorded in male growing pigs fed T4. Male growing pigs fed with T3 and T6 had lower (P<0.05) live weight (12200.00g and 11500.00g), and higher (P<0.05) relative internal organs. Male growing pigs fed 14 % CP diets (T3 and T6) with their corresponding metabolizable energy levels (3000kcal and 2600kcal) recorded higher (P<0.05) heart and viscera's values. Keeping growing (male) pigs on low crude protein diets (14 %) supplemented with multi-enzyme, irrespective of the energy levels, did not improve live weight but increased relative organ weight.   Les caractéristiques des organes de porcs mâles en croissance nourris à faible en protéines brutes et en énergie mais plutôt supplémentée en multi-enzymes ont été déterminées en utilisant 36 porcs mâles hybrides (Landrace x Large white) âgés de 8 à 10 semaines. Deux énergies métabolisables (3000 et 2600 Kcal ME / kg) et trois niveaux de protéines brutes (14, 16 et 18% CP) ont été utilisés pour formuler six traitements diététiques ; T1 : contrôle (3000 Kcal ME / kg ; 18% CP), T2 (3000 Kcal ME / Kg ; 16% CP), T3 (3000 Kcal ME / kg ; 14% CP), T4 (2600 Kcal ME / kg ; 18 % CP), T5 (2600 Kcal ME / kg ; 16% CP) et T6 (2600 Kcal ME / kg ; 14% CP). L'enzyme a été ajoutée à tous les traitements à raison de 1 g / kg de régime sauf le témoin. Les traitements ont été répliqués trois fois avec deux porcs par réplica. L'expérience était une factorielle 2 x 3. Les porcs ont été affamés pendant 12 heures mais ont eu accès à l'eau potable, étourdis et saignaient complètement. Il a été ouvert à travers la région du thorax le long du trait de soulignement jusqu'à l'abdomen, exposant l'ensemble des organes internes et le contenu du 'GIT'. Le cœur, les poumons, le foie, les reins, la rate et d'autres organes internes ont été examinés, soigneusement prélevés et pesés avec une balance de cuisine électronique sensible, modèle SF-400. Un poids vif plus élevé (P <0,05) (33500,00 g), avec des valeurs moyennes plus faibles (P <0,05) pour le cœur et les viscères ont été enregistrés chez des porcs en croissance mâles nourris au T4. Les porcs mâles en croissance nourris avec T3 et T6 avaient des organes internes relatifs inférieurs (P <0,05) (12 200,00 g et 11500,00 g) et supérieurs (P <0,05). Les porcs mâles en croissance nourris avec 14% de régimes 'CP' (T3 et T6) avec leurs niveaux d'énergie métabolisables correspondants (3000 kcal et 2600 kcal) ont enregistré des valeurs cardiaques et viscérales plus élevées (P <0,05). Le fait de garder les porcs en croissance (mâles) avec des régimes pauvres en protéines brutes (14%) supplémentés en multi-enzymes, quels que soient les niveaux d'énergie, n'a pas amélioré le poids vif mais augmenté le poids relatif des organes

Ad libitumlactation feeding of sows introduced immediately before, at, or after farrowing

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neil
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Piglet Mortality

AbstractThe timing for introducingad libitumlactation feeding around farrowing was studied in an experiment comprising 20 blocks of three littermate sows and a total of 1085 piglets in 90 farrowings. Sows were given 2·2 kg daily of a diet containing 12·1 MJ metabolizable energy and 120 g digestible crude protein per kgfrom service untilad libitumfeeding was introduced either 4 days before expected farrowing (treatment BEF), the farrowing day (AT), or 3 days after farrowing (AFT). BEF and AT sows had a higher total daily food consumption during the experimental period, 5 days before farrowing to weaning at 35 (±3) days, than AFT sows (7·2, 7·2 and 6·6 kg, respectively). BEF and AT sows tended to have deeper ultrasonic backfat (BF) than AFT sows. The mobilization of body reserves during lactation was modest as reflected in negligible losses of live weight (LW) and BF, low serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and creatinine, together with increasing serum urea concentrations as well as the high proportion of sows served within 8 days after weaning (over 90% of the primiparous sows). Sow rectal temperature increased on the farrowing day but was also influenced by feeding level. No cases of agalactia post partum were diagnosed. Litter size, piglet LW, piglet mortality and creep food consumption did not differ between treatments, although there was a tendency for lower LW and increased mortality, particularly of piglets crushed by the sow, in litters of AFT sows. It can be concluded that there was no advantage in delaying the introduction ofad libitumfeeding until after farrowing.

Lactational oestrus in the sow 2. The influence of group-housing, boar presence and feeding level upon the occurrence of oestrus in lactating sows

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rowlinson ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Group Housing ◽  
Hybrid Female ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTA 2×2×2 factorial experiment investigated the effect on lactational oestrus in sows of housing system (group or singly housed; G v. S), boar presence (boar present or absent; B v. N) and feeding level (ad libitum or restricted; A v. R). All treatments were imposed from day 20 post partum until weaning at day 42. A total of 183 Camborough hybrid female pigs were used, providing between 21 and 24 animals within each cell in the experimental design.The occurrence of oestrus during lactation was observed as: 0·40 for G compared with 0·10 for S (P<0·01); 0·36 for B compared with 0·14 for N (P<0·05); and 0·28 for A compared with 0·21 for R (NS). The only treatment in which a high proportion of sows (0·78) showed oestrus was the combination G-B-A. Oestrus occurred during lactation on average 11 -4 days after imposing treatments, on average at day 20 post partum and 31·6 days after farrowing, and no significant differences were apparent between treatments. Individual piglet and overall litter weight gains were significantly reduced on G compared with S treatments (P < 0·01).Sow food intake was greater for the S compared with G, for N compared with B, and A compared with R treatments (P<0·001). Sows on the R treatment lost significantly more live weight than the A sows between days 20 and 42 (P<0·001). Singly-housed sows also lost more weight than group-housed sows between farrowing and day 42 (P<0·001), mainly because of losses occurring before day 20.

The effect on the reproductive performance of sows of dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Pike ◽  
T. G. Boaz
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Lower Capacity ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYIn a factorial experiment the effect of two protein intakes and three patterns of feeding in the second pregnancy of 48 Large White x Wessex Saddleback sows was examined. The high protein (HP) diet (19·5% crude protein) contained 15% white fish meal. The low protein (LP) diet (10·5% crude protein) contained cereal protein only. Nutrient components of the diets differed in protein only. The pattern treatments involved allowances of 1·8 kg (L), 2·7 kg (C) and 3·6 kg (H) per day, the three pregnancy patterns being HL, C and LH with the changeovers made from the 49th to the 63rd day post coitum (p.c). Sows on the three pattern treatments received the same total amount of feed from 0–112 days p.c. and were treated alike at farrowing and during lactation.Fertility and parturition results were similar for all treatments, but the number of piglets alive after birth (when weighed) was least for LP sows on the HL pattern. At 3 weeks of age the size and weight of litters on HP sows were significantly greater than those on LP sows (P < 0·05 and < 0·001 respectively). More piglets were weaned by HP sows than LP sows (P < 0·05). HP sows gained more weight in pregnancy (P < 0·001) which was slightly longer, and lost more weight in lactation (P < 0·05) than LP sows.The HL pattern of feeding was associated with smaller live weight gains in pregnancy than the LH pattern (P < 0·001) and the total birth weight of HL litters was lighter than LH (P < 0·05), mean piglet weights being similar. Lactation performance was unaffected by pattern treatment.The main conclusion is that a low intake, particularly during the latter half of pregnancy, of protein which is of vegetable origin, is associated with decreased viability of the piglets at birth and in early suckling life, and with lower capacity of the sows for milk production.

A two-diet system andad libitumlactation feeding of the sow 1. Sow performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neil ◽  
B. Ogle ◽  
K. Annèr
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Depth Condition

AbstractEffects of a two-diet system combined withad libitumlactation feeding of sows on food consumption, sow live weight (LW), backfat depth, condition scoring, rebreeding interval, symptoms of agalactia and culling were studied on 60 sows followed for four parities. Feeding regimes were: CR, conventional i.e. restricted during gestation and lactation; SA, a simplified diet offered at a restricted level during gestation and a conventional dietad libitumduring lactation; CA, conventional during gestation and the same dietad libitumduring lactation. During lactation CR sows consumed 5·9 kg food daily (71 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)), whereas SA and CA sows consumed on average 7·0 kg (85 MJ ME), the difference being larger in multiparous than in primiparous sows and larger in the first than in later weeks of lactation. From the second farrowing onward sows on CR treatment were lighter and had thinner backfat and lower condition scores than sows on CA treatment, with sows on SA treatment in between, i.e. approaching the CR sows in the gestation periods and the CA sows in the lactation periods. At first service LW was 130 kg and backfat thickness 14 mm. During the fourth lactation LW averaged 190 kg in CR sows and around 220 kg for SA and CA sows, and backfat thickness was 11 mm in CR sows and around 16 mm in SA and CA sows. SA sows tended to rebreed earlier after weaning than did CR or CA sows. CA sows and in particular SA sows had higher incidences of agalactia symptoms and higher rectal temperatures post partum than CR sows. The culling rates did not differ between feeding regimes, although the predominant causes for culling did, being shoulder lesions and abscesses in thin CR sows and leg disorders in SA and CA sows. At the end of the experiment, however, more SA sows than others were retained in the experimental herd. It was concluded that the SA feeding regime was superior in terms of sow performance, despite an increased incidence of agalactia symptoms.

The protein and energy nutrition of the pig. V. The effect of varying the protein and energy levels in the ‘finishing diets’ of heavy pigs

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Energy Level ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Carcass Measurement

1. A feeding trial was carried out using fortyeight Large White pigs, individually fed in a Danish type piggery. Six different diets prepared at two levels of digestible energy and three levels of crude protein were fed to eight replicates consisting of four hogs and four gilts per replicate. A record was maintained of the weekly live-weight gain and food was given at a defined restricted level in relation to the live weight. Carcass quality was assessed by complete dissection into visible lean, fat and bone etc.2. Of the main effects, energy, supply was without significant effect upon growth, food conversion efficiency (FCE) or any carcass characteristics except body length which was increased with a high energy level. The protein level in the diet had a significant effect upon the percentage of carcass lean and the killing-out percentage, the higher levels of protein increasing both these measurements significantly. Gilts were significantly superior to hogs in every carcass measurement although hogs grew significantly faster.

Effect of offering three amounts of maize stover to dairy cows on intake and selection

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J. N. Methu ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
A. Abate ◽  
M. Scarr ◽  
J. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Several studies with barley straw (e.g. Wahed et al, 1990) and sorghum stover (e.g. Osafo, 1993) have shown improvements in intake with increasing ‘ad libitum’ amounts offered. Furthermore, these studies have demonstrated that sheep and goats offered barley straw or sorghum stover in long, unprocessed form, increase intake by selecting for leaf and leaf sheath, and against stem. This phenomenon offers a simple feeding strategy to use selective feeding behaviour to improve intake and hence production. The aim of the present experiment was to study the effect of offering increasing amounts of long maize stover on intake and selection by dairy cows.Six, early- to mid-lactation Ayrshire and Friesian cows (live weight, M, 430 kg) were used in a double 3x3 Latin square design with 24-day (d) feeding periods. Cows were offered long (unchopped) maize stover at low, medium or high ‘ad libitum’ rates, i.e. 31, 59 or 87 g dry matter (DM)/kg M.d. Cows also received 3.2 kg DM/d of cotton seed cake (339 g/kg DM crude protein) in two meals at milking (0700 h and 1800 h). Stover was offered in one meal daily, at 0700 h, after collecting refusals from the previous day. Amounts of stover offered and refused were weighed daily. Samples of offered stover (0.5 kg) and refused stover (0.5 kg) were analysed for DM daily. All refused stover and 4.0 kg samples of offered stover were botanically fractionated, daily, into stem (S), leaf (L), sheath (Sh) and husk (H). Milk yield was recorded daily and cows weighed at the start and end of each period.

A comparison of the nursing and suckling behaviour of group- and individually-housed sows and their litters

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Bryant ◽  
P. Rowlinson ◽  
H. A. M. Van der Steen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTNursing frequency, suckling duration and teat order were recorded in 12 ‘hybrid’ sows and their litters from parturition to weaning at day 42 post partum. Sows and their litters were moved from the farrowing quarters at day 20; half were housed as a group (G) and fed ad libitum with a boar present and the other half were housed individually (S) with no boar present and ration-fed to scale.Some differences occurred in behaviour from day 20. A significantly greater number of false nursing periods, significant synchronization of nursing periods, and a tendency for more long and short nursing intervals occurred in G than S sows and litters. The duration of the preliminary nosing phase and the total nursing period were significantly longer in S than G litters. Teat order scores, indicating consistency of piglet suckling position on the sow, tended to be greater in S than G litters, and there was a fall in the score for G litters in the weeks following grouping. This was associated with a check in live-weight gain.All G sows showed oestrus during lactation, on average 15 days after grouping. There was no incidence of lactational oestrus in the S sows which showed oestrus 5 days after weaning.

The direct and residual effects of the plane of nutrition of calves in early life on physical performance and gains in chemical composition

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 110-110
Author(s):  
D C Patterson ◽  
R H J Steen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Representative Samples

The direct, residual and overall effects of the plane of nutrition of calves in early life were investigated with a factorial arrangement of high, medium and low planes of nutrition (H, M and L respectively) imposed from 2 to 14 weeks of age (Period 1) and high and low planes of nutrition (H and L respectively) from 14 to 26 weeks (Period 2). A common high plane of nutrition was offered from 26 weeks of age until the mean slaughter live weight of 527 kg. The planes of nutrition were based on appropriate fixed allowances of concentrates and good quality silage offered ad libitum apart from the first half of Period 1 where appropriate allowances of milk substitute were offered and the roughage was hay. In addition to the final slaughter point, representative samples of three calves per treatment were also slaughtered at the start of the experiment and at the end of Periods 1 and 2 and crude protein, total lipid and ash were determined. Energy contents of the tissues were also estimated from protein and lipid analyses.

Effect of diurnally fluctuating high ambient temperatures on performance and feeding behaviour of multiparous lactating sows

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
D. Renaudeau ◽  
S. Dubois ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractForty-two multiparous Large White sows were used to investigate the effect of diurnally fluctuating temperature (T) on lactation performance and feeding behaviour. The animals were allocated to one of the four thermic treatments: constant T at 25°C (25C) and 29°C (29C) or equal-mean diurnal cyclic T varying from 21 to 29°C (25V) and from 25 to 33°C (29V). Photoperiod was fixed to 14 h of light. The sows were given food ad libitum between the 7th and the 19th day post partům. Lactation performance was measured for all sows whereas the feeding behaviour was recorded only on 28 sows. The ad libitum food intake was comparable at 25C and 25V (6•31 kg/day) as were milk production and body reserves mobilization. In contrast, food intake at 29V was higher than at 29C (4•53 v. 3•48 kg/day) with no difference in milk production between the two treatments. The increased daily food intake at 29V resulted from higher intakes over the coolest periods of the day and especially during the dark period. Neither meal size nor daily number of meals were significantly affected by T. Feeding behaviour was mainly diurnal but with differences between treatments: 0•90 of total food intake at 29C v. 0•78 at the other three T It appears that the effects of diurnally fluctuating T on lactation performance of sows depend on the mean level of T

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