The protein and energy nutrition of the pig. V. The effect of varying the protein and energy levels in the ‘finishing diets’ of heavy pigs

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Energy Level ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Carcass Measurement

1. A feeding trial was carried out using fortyeight Large White pigs, individually fed in a Danish type piggery. Six different diets prepared at two levels of digestible energy and three levels of crude protein were fed to eight replicates consisting of four hogs and four gilts per replicate. A record was maintained of the weekly live-weight gain and food was given at a defined restricted level in relation to the live weight. Carcass quality was assessed by complete dissection into visible lean, fat and bone etc.2. Of the main effects, energy, supply was without significant effect upon growth, food conversion efficiency (FCE) or any carcass characteristics except body length which was increased with a high energy level. The protein level in the diet had a significant effect upon the percentage of carcass lean and the killing-out percentage, the higher levels of protein increasing both these measurements significantly. Gilts were significantly superior to hogs in every carcass measurement although hogs grew significantly faster.

Protein and energy nutrition of the bacon pig. II. The effect of varying the protein and energy levels in diets of ‘finishing’ pigs

1964 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Robinson ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Large White ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Energy

1. A feeding trial has been carried out with sixty-four individually fed Large White pigs offered eight different diets prepared at four energy levels and two levels of crude protein. A record was maintained of the rate of live-weight gain and food was given at a defined restricted level. Carcass quality was assessed by a procedure of complete dissection into visible fat, lean, etc.2. Though differences in the rates of live-weight gain and food conversion efficiency were not statistically significant, the best performance was recorded when the diets contained 16 % crude protein and yielded the equivalent of 2950 kcal. digestible energy per kg. upon oxidation. The energy: lysine ratio (kcal. digestible energy per kg. per unit percentage lysine in the ration) was approximately 3500.

The influence of supplements of energy and protein on the intake and performance of cattle fed on cereal straws

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Andrews ◽  
J. Escuder-Volonte ◽  
M. K. Curran ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lower Energy Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Protein Supply

SUMMARYIn two experiments the effects of several levels of supplementary energy and of protein on the voluntary intake of long straw by young cattle of 200 to 300 kg weight were studied.In Experiment 1, 40 cattle were used to compare 4 protein levels and 5 energy levels. At the lowest protein level (diets containing 6·6% crude protein or less) intake of straw was low at all energy levels and the live-weight gain of the cattle was not increased by the energy supplements. There was no difference in performance between the other 3 protein levels, which gave whole diets containing 8·8% crude protein or more in the dry matter. Supplements of 5 to 9 g concentrates per kg live weight reduced straw intake only a little, and increased gains.In Experiment 2, 40 cattle were used to compare barley and oat straw alone and with 2 levels of protein and 2 levels of energy supplement; one of the latter was higher, 12 g concentrate per kg live weight, than any in Experiment 1. The digestibility of the diets was determined. The results showed no difference in animal performance between oat and barley straw and agreed in general with Experiment 1. The low-protein, high-energy combination (6·4% crude protein in the whole diet) was frequently refused and gains on this treatment were low; at the higher protein level, when protein supply was adequate, straw intakes were less than on the lower energy level with adequate protein. Long straw could supply 35 to 45% of the daily energy requirements of young growing cattle.

Protein and energy nutrition of the bacon pig:I. The effect of varying protein and energy levels in the diets of ‘growing’ pigs

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Robinson ◽  
J. T. Morgan ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Large White ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

1. A feeding trial involving 128 individually fed Large White pigs was carried out using four levels of dietary energy in combination with four levels of crude protein in the ‘growers’ rations of bacon pigs. Growth rate, food conversion efficiency, carcass quality and nitrogen balance were the parameters measured.

scholarly journals Live and internal organ weights of male growing pigs fed low protein and low energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
R. A. Amaefule ◽  
D. N. Onunkwo ◽  
O. C. Ilouno ◽  
T. C. Iwuji ◽  
I. P. Ogbuewu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
White Male ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Large White

Organ characteristics of male growing male pigs fed low crude protein and low energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme were determined using 36 hybrid (Landrace x Large white) male pigs of 8-10 weeks old. Two metabolizable energy (3000 and 2600 Kcal ME/kg) and three crude protein levels (14, 16 and 18 % CP) were used to formulate six dietary treatments; T1: control (3000 Kcal ME/kg; 18 % CP), T2 (3000 Kcal ME/Kg; 16 % CP), T3 (3000 Kcal ME/kg; 14 % CP), T4 (2600 Kcal ME/kg; 18 % CP), T5 (2600 Kcal ME/kg; 16 % CP) and T6 (2600 Kcal ME/kg; 14 % CP). The enzyme was added to all the treatments at 1g/kg diet except the control. The treatments were replicated three times with two pigs per replicate. The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial. The pigs were starved for 12 hours but allowed access to drinking water, stunned and bled completely. It was cut open though the thorax region along the underline to the abdomen, exposing the entire internal organs and GIT contents. The heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and other internal organs were examined, carefully removed and weighed with a sensitive electronic kitchen scale, model SF-400. Higher (P <0.05) live weight (33500.00g), with lower (P <0.05) mean values for heart and viscera were recorded in male growing pigs fed T4. Male growing pigs fed with T3 and T6 had lower (P<0.05) live weight (12200.00g and 11500.00g), and higher (P<0.05) relative internal organs. Male growing pigs fed 14 % CP diets (T3 and T6) with their corresponding metabolizable energy levels (3000kcal and 2600kcal) recorded higher (P<0.05) heart and viscera's values. Keeping growing (male) pigs on low crude protein diets (14 %) supplemented with multi-enzyme, irrespective of the energy levels, did not improve live weight but increased relative organ weight.   Les caractéristiques des organes de porcs mâles en croissance nourris à faible en protéines brutes et en énergie mais plutôt supplémentée en multi-enzymes ont été déterminées en utilisant 36 porcs mâles hybrides (Landrace x Large white) âgés de 8 à 10 semaines. Deux énergies métabolisables (3000 et 2600 Kcal ME / kg) et trois niveaux de protéines brutes (14, 16 et 18% CP) ont été utilisés pour formuler six traitements diététiques ; T1 : contrôle (3000 Kcal ME / kg ; 18% CP), T2 (3000 Kcal ME / Kg ; 16% CP), T3 (3000 Kcal ME / kg ; 14% CP), T4 (2600 Kcal ME / kg ; 18 % CP), T5 (2600 Kcal ME / kg ; 16% CP) et T6 (2600 Kcal ME / kg ; 14% CP). L'enzyme a été ajoutée à tous les traitements à raison de 1 g / kg de régime sauf le témoin. Les traitements ont été répliqués trois fois avec deux porcs par réplica. L'expérience était une factorielle 2 x 3. Les porcs ont été affamés pendant 12 heures mais ont eu accès à l'eau potable, étourdis et saignaient complètement. Il a été ouvert à travers la région du thorax le long du trait de soulignement jusqu'à l'abdomen, exposant l'ensemble des organes internes et le contenu du 'GIT'. Le cœur, les poumons, le foie, les reins, la rate et d'autres organes internes ont été examinés, soigneusement prélevés et pesés avec une balance de cuisine électronique sensible, modèle SF-400. Un poids vif plus élevé (P <0,05) (33500,00 g), avec des valeurs moyennes plus faibles (P <0,05) pour le cœur et les viscères ont été enregistrés chez des porcs en croissance mâles nourris au T4. Les porcs mâles en croissance nourris avec T3 et T6 avaient des organes internes relatifs inférieurs (P <0,05) (12 200,00 g et 11500,00 g) et supérieurs (P <0,05). Les porcs mâles en croissance nourris avec 14% de régimes 'CP' (T3 et T6) avec leurs niveaux d'énergie métabolisables correspondants (3000 kcal et 2600 kcal) ont enregistré des valeurs cardiaques et viscérales plus élevées (P <0,05). Le fait de garder les porcs en croissance (mâles) avec des régimes pauvres en protéines brutes (14%) supplémentés en multi-enzymes, quels que soient les niveaux d'énergie, n'a pas amélioré le poids vif mais augmenté le poids relatif des organes

Effect of naturally occurring and synthetic androgens on growth, body composition and muscle glucocorticoid receptors in wether lambs

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gallbraith ◽  
A. D. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Nandrolone Phenylpropionate

AbstractTwenty-five Border Leicester ♂ × Blackface ♀ wether lambs aged about 4 months and weighing on average 28·5 kg were allocated to be treated with the naturally occurring steroid testosterone or trenbolone acetate or nandrolone phenylpropionate which are steroids synthetically produced. Treatment groups were as follows: untreated controls (C); 50 mg testosterone (T); 50 mg trenbolone acetate (TA); 50 mg testosterone + 50 mg trenbolone acetate (TTA) or 50 mg nandrolone phenylpropionate (N). Implants were given at 100 and again at 63 days before slaughter. The lambs were offered to appetite a good quality diet containing, per kg dry matter, an estimated 11·0 MJ metabolizable energy and 185 g crude protein. Comparisons were made for the main effects of T and TA and also interactions between T and TA. Effects due to N were assessed statistically against untreated controls. Treatment with T, on average, increased live-weight gain (LWG), empty body weight (EBW) and reduced backfat thickness and the weight (g/kg EBW) of perirenal and retroperitoneal fat. Main effects due to TA were increases in killing-out ratio and depth of the gigot joint and reductions in backfat thickness. Treatment with N increased the empty body weight and (g/kg) carcass ash. Non-significant (P > 0·05) trends were suggested for increases in carcass crude protein due to T and TA treatments. T and TA but not N treatments exhibited marked androgenic activity in increasing the weight (mg/kg EBW) of the accessary vesicular gland. TA and N, but not T, reduced the weight (g/kg EBW) of the thymus gland.The maximum binding capacity of post-morte m skeletal muscle (m. gluteus) for (3H)-dexamethasone was reduced by TA but increased by T and N. These results suggest differences in the binding capacity of corticosteroid receptors which may be related to differences in the effects of T and TA on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle.

The effect on the reproductive performance of sows of dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Pike ◽  
T. G. Boaz
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Lower Capacity ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYIn a factorial experiment the effect of two protein intakes and three patterns of feeding in the second pregnancy of 48 Large White x Wessex Saddleback sows was examined. The high protein (HP) diet (19·5% crude protein) contained 15% white fish meal. The low protein (LP) diet (10·5% crude protein) contained cereal protein only. Nutrient components of the diets differed in protein only. The pattern treatments involved allowances of 1·8 kg (L), 2·7 kg (C) and 3·6 kg (H) per day, the three pregnancy patterns being HL, C and LH with the changeovers made from the 49th to the 63rd day post coitum (p.c). Sows on the three pattern treatments received the same total amount of feed from 0–112 days p.c. and were treated alike at farrowing and during lactation.Fertility and parturition results were similar for all treatments, but the number of piglets alive after birth (when weighed) was least for LP sows on the HL pattern. At 3 weeks of age the size and weight of litters on HP sows were significantly greater than those on LP sows (P < 0·05 and < 0·001 respectively). More piglets were weaned by HP sows than LP sows (P < 0·05). HP sows gained more weight in pregnancy (P < 0·001) which was slightly longer, and lost more weight in lactation (P < 0·05) than LP sows.The HL pattern of feeding was associated with smaller live weight gains in pregnancy than the LH pattern (P < 0·001) and the total birth weight of HL litters was lighter than LH (P < 0·05), mean piglet weights being similar. Lactation performance was unaffected by pattern treatment.The main conclusion is that a low intake, particularly during the latter half of pregnancy, of protein which is of vegetable origin, is associated with decreased viability of the piglets at birth and in early suckling life, and with lower capacity of the sows for milk production.

Growth performance and body composition of wether lambs implanted at two different initial live weights with trenbolone acetate combined with oestradiol-17β

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Sulieman ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Main Effects

AbstractThirty-two Border Leicester ♂ × Scottish Blackface ♀ wether lambs, aged about 5 months, were divided into two groups on the basis of live weight, such that group G1 contained the 16 lightest lambs and group G2 the 16 heaviest. Lambs in group G1 were subdivided equally at random either to be sham-implanted controls (Group C1) or to be implanted with 35 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) + 5 mg oestradiol-17β (OE) (group T1) at 24 kg initial live weight. The lambs in group G2 were also subdivided into two groups (groups C2 and T2), and similarly treated approximately 1 month later at 37 kg initial live weight. The lambs were offered ad libitum a diet containing an estimated 12·5 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg dry matter (DM) and 140 g/kg DM crude protein. Comparisons were made for the main effects of hormonal treatment and initial live weight. Both hormonal treatment and initial live weight gave increases for DM intake, gut fill, empty body weight, carcass weight and, in the half carcass side weight, weights of dissected lean tissue, bone and intermuscular fat and chemically determined DM, crude protein and lipid. Weights of mm. semitendinosus, longissimus dorsi, supraspinatus and gastrocnemius were also increased due to hormonal treatment and in group G2 lambs compared with those in group G1. When expressed as a proportion of carcass side weight, hormonal treatment effects were not significant for individual muscles and dissected carcass lean, bone and fat and chemically determined lipid and ash. Variable effects on other body components were recorded for both treatments in the absence of any significant interactions. The responses to hormonal treatment were essentially similar in groups G1 and G2. The question is raised as to the contribution of the greater food intake in implanted lambs to the maintenance of fatness in these animals.

Further studies on the fattening value of grass silage and on the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dodsworth
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Weight Gains

1. A feeding trial is described including four groups of cattle fed on silage only, two mixtures of silage and roots, and roots, straw, hay and oats.2. The live-weight gains made are recorded together with the rate of dry-matter intake.3. The efficiency of the dry matter of the diets was calculated.4. Silage fed alone produced a significantly greater rate of fattening than the other three diets.5. Cattle receiving roots in the morning and silage at night consumed 10·78% more dry matter and made greater live-weight gains than cattle fed on silage in the morning and roots at night.6. Calculation of the starch values of the roots and silage showed that these are higher when fed together than when silage is fed alone or when roots are fed with straw, hay and oats.7. An experiment is described designed to determine the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants and of sudden changes in dry-matter content on digestibility.8. Sheep receiving 19·46% dry-matter silage consumed 16·7% more dry matter and 19·8% more starch equivalent than sheep eating 15·85% dry-matter silage.9. When the dry-matter percentage of the silage fell from 19·46 to 15·77 the digestibility of the dry matter fell by over 10%.10. The starch equivalent of the silage when fed alone was determined from the results of a digestibility trial and according to the performance of the cattle in the feeding trial. The values found were 65·88 and 66·15% respectively.11. The losses suffered in silage-making in twentyfive silos are recorded and discussed. The loss of dry matter and crude protein both average approximately 40% of that ensiled. The need for finding methods of reducing these losses is again stressed.

Effect of protein and energy levels on laying performance of strains of different bodyweights

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (57) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Karunajeewa
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Laying Performance ◽  
Egg Yolks ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
High Level ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Medium Weight ◽  
Better Than

Three laying strains of different bodyweights were fed two dietary levels of both protein and energy in a factorial experiment. The level of methionine in the diets was equalized. The laying performance of the lightweight strain was inferior to that of the medium and heavy-weight crossbred strains. The medium weight strain was the most efficient in converting feed, protein and calories to egg product. Birds fed 15 per cent crude protein diets gained less bodyweight and produced eggs with higher yolk colou scores than those fed the 17 per cent crude protein diets. The performance of birds fed diets with 2840 kcal ME kg-1 was better than those fed diets containing 266 kcal ME kg.-1 The high level of energy resulted in greater pigmentation of egg yolks and better conversion feed to egg product. There were significant interactions between dietary protein and energy levels on egg weight, and on inta of feed, calories and protein. Mortality was higher among birds fed the medium-energy diets than in those fed the high-energy diets a a high proportion of deaths was due to lymphoid leucosis.

Carcass and meat quality in “iron age” pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
J.D. Wood ◽  
G.R. Nute
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Large White ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Wild Pig

There is anecdotal evidence that the meat of wild pigs is particularly tasty and their carcasses are lean. However it may be that the nature of the wild existence - high energy demands, low energy diet, unusual ingredients eg acorns and plant roots - is important in conferring these qualities. This Study was done to determine whether semi-wild pigs - the so called “Iron Age” breed - are different from typical modern white pigs (Large Whites) when both are reared on ‘modern’ commercial diets. Tests on carcass composition and meat quality were therefore made.“Iron Age” pigs (IAP) were formed at the Cotswold Farm Park by crossing the European Wild Pig with the Tamworth. Three litters were obtained from 2 sires and 1 female and the progeny reared from about 20 kg on a pelleted diet (13.0 MJDE/kg) fed ad libitum. Slaughter was at approximately 60 kg live weight for the 18 IAP and 6 Large White (LW) pigs (balanced for sex) used in the tasting tests and between 10 and 240 kg for the dissected animals (250 LW, 19 IAP) - these data were then corrected to 65 kg live weight. The LW pigs were from several litters reared on the Institute farm.

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