The effect on the reproductive performance of sows of dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Pike ◽  
T. G. Boaz
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Lower Capacity ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYIn a factorial experiment the effect of two protein intakes and three patterns of feeding in the second pregnancy of 48 Large White x Wessex Saddleback sows was examined. The high protein (HP) diet (19·5% crude protein) contained 15% white fish meal. The low protein (LP) diet (10·5% crude protein) contained cereal protein only. Nutrient components of the diets differed in protein only. The pattern treatments involved allowances of 1·8 kg (L), 2·7 kg (C) and 3·6 kg (H) per day, the three pregnancy patterns being HL, C and LH with the changeovers made from the 49th to the 63rd day post coitum (p.c). Sows on the three pattern treatments received the same total amount of feed from 0–112 days p.c. and were treated alike at farrowing and during lactation.Fertility and parturition results were similar for all treatments, but the number of piglets alive after birth (when weighed) was least for LP sows on the HL pattern. At 3 weeks of age the size and weight of litters on HP sows were significantly greater than those on LP sows (P < 0·05 and < 0·001 respectively). More piglets were weaned by HP sows than LP sows (P < 0·05). HP sows gained more weight in pregnancy (P < 0·001) which was slightly longer, and lost more weight in lactation (P < 0·05) than LP sows.The HL pattern of feeding was associated with smaller live weight gains in pregnancy than the LH pattern (P < 0·001) and the total birth weight of HL litters was lighter than LH (P < 0·05), mean piglet weights being similar. Lactation performance was unaffected by pattern treatment.The main conclusion is that a low intake, particularly during the latter half of pregnancy, of protein which is of vegetable origin, is associated with decreased viability of the piglets at birth and in early suckling life, and with lower capacity of the sows for milk production.

The effect of level of feeding on the response of lactating ewes to dietary supplements of fish meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Gonzalez ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
I. McHattie
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Low Protein

ABSTRACTThirty-six individually-penned ewes (mean live weight 69 kg), each suckling two lambs, were given one of three diets containing either 128 (low), 155 (medium) or 186 (high) g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter. All diets contained (g/kg), milled hay, 570; molasses, 95; and a barley/fish meal concentrate, 330. The three protein concentrations were achieved by adjusting the proportions of barley and fish meal in the concentrate. Each diet was given at daily metabolizable energy (ME) intakes of 19, 23 and 27 MJ. Mean daily yields of milk in weeks 3 to 8 of lactation for ewes given the diet with the low concentration of crude protein increased from 2·32 kg at 19 MJ ME to 2·53 kg at 27 MJ. Corresponding values for the medium concentration of CP were 2·49 and 2·67 kg and for the high concentration 2·52 and 3·09 kg (P < 0·05 for differences between ME intakes and differences between dietary protein concentrations). For milk composition, interactions between the concentration of dietary protein and level of ME intake were not statistically significant but the main treatment effects were significant, with the protein concentration in milk increasing from 49·6 g/kg for ewes given the low concentration of dietary protein to 54·1 g/kg for those given the high (P < 0·001). Corresponding values for protein concentration in milk for the lowest and highest energy intake were 51·2 and 53·4 g/kg (P < 0·05). Losses of tissue protein were variable but decreased from 26 g/day for ewes given the low-protein diet to 8 g/day for those given the high. In discussing the responses in milk yield to dietary protein and ME intake attention is drawn to the modifying influence of the energy contributed from body tissue.

Copper sulphate as a growth stimulant for pigs: effect of composition of diet and level of protein

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Low Protein

Thirty six individually-fed pigs were used in a within-litter comparison of the 6 treatments of a 3 × 2 factorial experiment. The pigs were about 9 weeks old at the start and were slaughtered as their individual weights reached about 200 lb.Three types of basal diet were given with and without a supplement of CuSO4.5H2O included at 0·1% (250 p.p.m. added Cu).The diets were based on (1) barley and fish meal, with 17% crude protein for pigs up to 103 lb. live-weight and 15·4 % from then on, (2) maize and soya (extracted soya bean meal), with about the same levels of protein and (3) maize and soya, but with only 13·4% crude protein for pigs up to 103 lb. and 11·9% for pigs of 103 lb. to 200 lb. Daily feed allowances were determined from a fixed scale based on live-weight.Pigs given the high-protein maize-soya diets grew more rapidly, required less feed per lb. gain and had fatter carcasses than those given the barley-fish meal diets. This was probably because of the higher TDN content of the maize-soya mixture.Pigs given the low-protein maize-soya diets grew less rapidly, required more feed per lb. gain and had fatter carcasses with smaller ‘eye’ muscles than those receiving the high-protein maize-soya diets, these being the usual effects of an inadequate supply of total protein or of an essential amino acid.CuSO4.5H2O4 added as 0·1% of each of the three types of diet improved growth rate before 103 lb. live-weight but had no consistent effect on feed conversion efficiency. Between 103 lb. and slaughter the copper sulphate did not affect performance on the barley-fish meal or high-protein maize-soya diet, but in the low-protein maize-soya diet it reduced feed conversion efficiency and rate of gain by 5%. Although this interaction was not statistically significant it agrees with an observation made in Florida and warrants further investigation.

Phytocorrection of biochemical status and productivity when fattening barrows on low-protein diets enriched with essential amino acids

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
A. G. Solovieva ◽  
K. T. Erimbetov ◽  
O. V. Obvintseva
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Large White ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Experimental Group

The effect of the plant ecdysteroid-containing preparation of Leuzea extract on the metabolism and productivity of barrows (three-breed crossbreeds Landrace × large white × Duroc) during fattening on low-protein diets enriched with essential amino acids from 130 to 212 days old was studied for the first time. In the control and experimental groups, a low-protein barley-wheat diet with the addition of essential amino acids contained (g / kg) crude protein - 108 g, metabolic energy - 12.5 MJ, lysine - 7.6 g, threonine - 5.4 g, methionine - 5.2 g. In the experimental group, liquid extract of leuzea was introduced into the feed, at the rate of 190 mg / kg. Feeding the barrows during the fattening period of the leuzea extract contributed to an increase in the efficiency of the use of nutrients in biosynthetic processes in animals. In the barrows of the experimental group, the concentrations of total protein (P≤0.05), albumin (P≤0.05), creatinine (P≤0.05), lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase activity at a lower level were statistically significantly higher urea (16.1%, P≤0.05) and glucose (P≤0.05). In the experimental group, during the period of fattening, the average daily gain in live weight was higher (by 10.2%, P≤0.05), the yield in the carcass of muscle tissue (P≤0.05), the indices of lean and meatiness, and lower the cost of feed (P≤ 0.05), crude protein (P≤0.05) and exchange energy (P≤0.05) per 1 kg of gain in live weight, output of subcutaneous adipose tissue and internal fat in comparison with the control. It was concluded that the use of a leuzea extract containing phytoecdysteroids, while feeding low-protein diets enriched with lysine, methionine and threonine, corrects metabolic processes, stimulating the biosynthesis of meat components, and thereby contributes to an increase in the productivity of barrows during fattening.

The effect on nitrogen utilization in the sow of variation in dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Pike
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
The Third ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYIn a factorial experiment, two protein concentrations and three patterns of feeding were administered to eighteen Large White × Wessex sows (three per treatment) in their second pregnancy. Treatments were repeated in their third pregnancy, when balance trials were conducted. The high protein diet (HP) (19·5% crude protein) contained 15% white-fish meal. The low protein diet (LP) (10·5% crude protein) contained protein of vegetable origin only. The pattern treatments involved intakes of 1·8 kg (L) 2·7 kg (C) and 3·6 kg (H) per day, the three pregnancy feeding patterns being HL, C and LH. Parturition results and lactation performance in the third reproductive cycle were similar to those recorded in the previous reproductive cycle (Pike & Boaz, 1969) reported earlier. Nitrogen retention in the third pregnancy was significantly higher in the HP sows(1606 g N)thaninthe LP sows(1082 g N) (P < 0·001). Intra-uterine nitrogen deposition in pregnancy was not affected by any of the treatments. Extra-uterine nitrogen deposition was significantly greater in the HP than the LP sows (P < 0·001). Dietary protein differences influenced extra-uterine rather than intra-uterine deposition of nitrogen in the pregnant sow, greater extra-uterine nitrogen deposition appearing to enhance subsequent lactation in this and the previous (Pike & Boaz, 1969) experiment. Protein utilization was more efficient in late than early pregnancy, suggesting that the feeding of higher levels of protein in late pregnancy should lead to greater efficiency over the whole pregnancy, provided energy intake is sufficient to promote optimum protein utilization.

The effect of nutrition on the reproductive performance of first-litter sows 4. The relative effects of energy and protein intakes during lactation on the performance of sows and their piglets

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Moderate Energy

ABSTRACTEighty-eight first-litter sows were used in a factorial experiment to examine the effects of energy and protein intakes during lactation on subsequent performance. Some received either 45 MJ (E,) or 60 to 63 MJ (E2) digestible energy per day and either 508 to 511 (P,) or 703 to 815 (P2) g crude protein per day during a 28-day lactation.Sows on the E2P2 treatment lost less body weight during lactation than sows on the other three treatments (P < 0·05). Average live-weight losses during lactation were 21·8, 20·8, 17·8 and 9·6 kg for the E1P1, E1P2, E2P1, and E2P2 sows, respectively. The corresponding reductions in backfat measurements during lactation were 5·5, 7·9, 3·2 and 4·0 mm. Backfat losses were greater for sows given either moderate energy intakes or high protein intakes (P < 0·01).Neither protein intake nor energy intake during lactation affected subsequent ovulation rate, but piglets sucking sows given high protein intakes grew faster, particularly during the last week of lactation, than piglets sucking sows receiving low protein intakes (P < 0·05).Within 8 days of weaning, more sows given high intakes of protein during lactation exhibited oestrus than did sows which received lower intakes of protein (27/44 v. 14/44, x2 = 7·7, P < 0·01). Protein intake during lactation affected the nitrogen balance of sows in a similar way. The nitrogen balances were estimated during the 3rd week of lactation, and for sows given rations E1P1, E1P2, E2P1, and E2P2were -20·2, -11·5, -17·5 and -7·2 g/day respectively.

Protein levels in practical diets for bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
C. D. Rickaby
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. The performance and profitability of growing-fattening bacon pigs on two diets, A and B, were compared in farm-scale trials at five centres involving a total of 94 pigs. Diet A contained normal amounts of white-fish meal, middlings and barley meal. Diet B was a cheap low-protein diet containing 90–95% barley meal and no wheat offals.2. The average crude protein contents of the diets were: diet A, weaner meal 17·2%, fattener meal 14·1% and diet B 14·8% and 12·1% respectively.3. The pigs on diet A had a daily live-weight gain 1·26 lb. and a food conversion ratio of 3·38 lb.; corresponding figures for the pigs on diet B were 1·22 lb. and 3·49 lb.The food costs of the pigs on diet B were lower by 10s. 10d. per pig; although the grading of these pigs was slightly poorer, the ultimate profit was 7s. 10d. greater per pig than for diet A.4. At a sixth centre, decorticated groundnut meal was used in diet B instead of soya bean meal; this had a marked adverse effect on the performance of the pigs and the profit was 18s. 3d. less per pig than for diet A.

The use of fish meal and monensin as supplements to grass silage and their effect on body composition changes in steers from 5 months of age to slaughter

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
R. D. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Composition Changes

AbstractFish meal and monensin, as supplements to grass silage, were offered either separately or together to Friesian steers from 5 to 9 months of age (period 1). At 9 months, six steers from each of the supplemented treatments were slaughtered to determine body composition. Of the remaining steers, from 9 months of age to slaughter at 490 kg live weight (LW) (period 2), six continued on each of the same treatments, whilst six received silage unsupplemented. A further group of six steers which had received fish meal and monensin during period 1, received monensin only as a supplement to their silage.During period 1 fish-meal supplementation increased LW, empty body and carcass weight gains, and tissues gains, while monensin had no apparent effect. During period 2, continued supplementation with both fish meal and monensin significantly increased LW, empty body and carcass gains compared with the continuously unsupplemented steers, whilst fish meal and monensin separately produced intermediate increased gains. All three supplement regimes significantly reduced the time taken to reach slaughter.The only significant effect on body composition was that steers receiving fish meal and monensin had a higher crude protein concentration in the empty body than those receiving only fish meal as a supplement. They also had the highest crude protein concentration in the carcass, although this was not significant. Steers which had their supplements withdrawn after 9 months of age generally maintained gains intermediate between those continuing to receive supplements and those steers unsupplemented throughout. Only those not continuing to receive fish meal and monensin together appeared to perform appreciably worse. Nevertheless, although time taken to reach slaughter from 4 months of age varied by as much as 96 days, there were no other significant differences in body or carcass composition, hi terms of cost effectiveness, use of monensin showed distinct advantages over fish meal.

The protein and energy nutrition of the pig. V. The effect of varying the protein and energy levels in the ‘finishing diets’ of heavy pigs

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Energy Level ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Carcass Measurement

1. A feeding trial was carried out using fortyeight Large White pigs, individually fed in a Danish type piggery. Six different diets prepared at two levels of digestible energy and three levels of crude protein were fed to eight replicates consisting of four hogs and four gilts per replicate. A record was maintained of the weekly live-weight gain and food was given at a defined restricted level in relation to the live weight. Carcass quality was assessed by complete dissection into visible lean, fat and bone etc.2. Of the main effects, energy, supply was without significant effect upon growth, food conversion efficiency (FCE) or any carcass characteristics except body length which was increased with a high energy level. The protein level in the diet had a significant effect upon the percentage of carcass lean and the killing-out percentage, the higher levels of protein increasing both these measurements significantly. Gilts were significantly superior to hogs in every carcass measurement although hogs grew significantly faster.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF EARLY WEANED PIGS TO FULL-FAT SOYBEAN DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
A. O. FANIMO
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Weaned Pig ◽  
Almost All

24 Large White X Landrace pigs weaned at 28 about 10% of the total feed is said to offer days with initial liveweight of 5.27±0.23 kg were valuable additional micro-nutrients such as fed four animal protein concentrates (fish meal However, almost all the fish (FM), Chicken offal meal (COM), fresh blood meal (FBM) and parboiled blood meal (PBM) diets based on full-fat soybean (FFSB) for 8 prices weeks to test different animal protein sources of protein and for early weaned pig. The diets contained 23% crude protein and 3100 Kcal ME/kg diet. Blood meal slightly reduced weight gain and feed intake but compared favourably with fish meal and chicken offal meal in efficiency of feed utilization. Parboiling of the blood slightly (P>0.05) depressed the performance of the pigs;even when the pigs had the same feed intake.. Fish meal increased (P<0.05) serum total protein and serum albumin levels.This study indicated that early weaned pigs fed soybean based diets supplemented with chicken offal meal and blood meal gave similar performance to those fed diet supplemented with fish meal.

The effect of different dietary protein levels in the rearing phase (from 60 kg) on body composition and reproductive performance of gilts

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
M C Cia ◽  
S A Edwards ◽  
V L Glasgow ◽  
M Shanks ◽  
H Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography

Low protein diets have been proposed as a way to enhance fat reserves and reduce liveweight gain in breeding animals of very lean genotypes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different protein levels on daily gain, body composition and reproductive performance of gilts.At 118 (sem=0.28) days old, 54 genetically lean gilts ((Landrace x Large White) x Large White) were allocated, considering firstly age and secondly weight, between three treatments with different dietary lysine:energy (g/MJ DE) ratios: High (0.9), Medium (0.6) and Low (0.3), fed twice daily at 2.9 x maintenance energy. Animals were weighed weekly and backfat thickness (P2) and muscle depth values were also taken. Eye muscle area measurements were taken by real time ultrasonography (Aloka 500) at the end of the experiment At 160 days of age, puberty was induced by administration of exogenous gonadotropin (PG600).

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