Rearing of dairy cattle 1. Type and level of milk substitute offered once daily to calves

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Leaver ◽  
N. H. Yarrow
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Fat Diets

SUMMARYA simple feeding system for British Friesian dairy female calves was examined. It involved once-daily feeding of a fixed amount of milk substitute to calves from 5 to 32 days of age. A comparison was made between low-fat and high-fat milk substitutes each offered at three levels of feeding. Performance was measured for a further 28 days after weaning. There was a greater incidence of nutritional scours in calves given the low-fat diets and also in those at higher levels of feeding. Live-weight gain to weaning and to 60 days was greater on the high-fat diets and at the higher levels of feeding. Intakes of concentrates, hay and water were little affected by type or level of milk-substitute feeding. Total feed costs over the 8-week period were greater for the high-fat diets and for the higher levels of feeding, but feed costs/kg live-weight gain were similar for the low-and high-fat diets. The results indicate that low levels of a high-fat milk substitute should be offered when using a once-daily feeding system in order to ensure a low incidence of nutritional scours and relatively low feed costs.

Rearing of dairy cattle 2. Weaning calves according to their concentrate intake

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Leaver ◽  
N. H. Yarrow
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Daily Feeding ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Feed Costs

SUMMARYBritish Friesian dairy female calves were offered once daily either 320 or 480 g of milk substitute reconstituted in warm water. Weaning took place when calves were consistently eating 400, 650 or 900 g/day of concentrates. The number of days taken to reach weaning was greater with calves offered 480 g than with calves offered 320 g of milk substitute per day. Calves with a high initial live weight achieved the required concentrate intake and were therefore weaned sooner than smaller calves. A fall in energy intake occurred immediately after weaning and this was greatest in calves previously offered 480 g/day of milk substitute. The treatments had no significant effect on the total intake of concentrates and hay over the 8 weeks of the experiment. Increasing the amount of milk substitute from 320 to 480 g/day increased total feed costs, and feed costs per kg live-weight gain. Increasing the required level of concentrate intake at weaning also increased total feed costs and feed costs/kg live-weight gain, but to a lesser extent. The results suggest that it is preferable to feed dairy replacement calves only 320 g of milk substitute in a once-daily feeding system. Weaning can be successfully under-taken when the calves are consistently eating 400 g/day of concentrates.

Eisenia bicyclis Inhibits Body Weight Gain and Fat Accumulation Induced by High-Fat Diets in Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won-Hee Choi ◽  
Ji-Yun Ahn ◽  
Sun-A Kim ◽  
Tae-Wan Kim ◽  
Tae-Youl Ha
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Eisenia Bicyclis ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Abstract 480: Exacerbation of Arterial Stiffness in Obese Adiponectin Deficient Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megha Murali ◽  
Carla Taylor ◽  
Peter Zahradka ◽  
Jeffrey Wigle
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Pulse Wave Velocity ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Background and Objective: Arterial stiffness is recognized as being an independent predictor of incipient vascular disease associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. In obese subjects, the decrease in the plasma level of adiponectin, an anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic adipokine, is well known. Hence the aim of our study was to examine the effect of loss of adiponectin on the development of arterial stiffness in response to a high fat diet. Methods and Results: Male 8-week old adiponectin knockout (APN KO) and C57BL/6 (control) mice were fed a high fat diet (60% Calories from fat) for 12 weeks to induce obesity and insulin resistance (n=10/group). APN KO and C57BL/6 mice were fed a low fat diet (10% Calories from fat) and used as lean controls (n=10/group). After 12 weeks on the high fat diet, the APN KO mice weighed significantly more than the C57BL/6 mice (45.1±1.3 g vs 40.1±1.1 g, p=0.0008) but there was no difference in the final weights between genotypes fed the low fat diet. APN KO mice on both high and low fat diets for 12 weeks developed insulin resistance as measured by oral glucose tolerance test (Area under curve (AUC) mmol/L х min = 437±70 and 438±57) as compared to the C57BL/6 mice fed low or high fat diets (AUC mmol/L х min = 251±27 and 245±43). Arterial stiffness was determined by Doppler pulse wave velocity analysis of the femoral artery. Pulse wave velocity was increased in APN KO mice fed a high fat diet relative to those fed the low fat diet (12.56±0.78 cm/s vs 9.47±0.95 cm/s, p=0.0035; n=8-10). Pulse wave velocity was not different between C57BL/6 control mice on the low or high fat diets (10.63±0.73 cm/s and 10.86±0.50 cm/s), thus revealing that only mice deficient in adiponectin developed arterial stiffness in response to high fat diet. Conclusions: Potentiation of the vascular stiffness in diet-induced obese APN KO mice indicates that adiponectin has a role in modulating vascular structure and the APN KO mouse models the vascular changes that occur in human obesity and metabolic disorders. Morphometric analysis of the aortic tissues for vessel thickness and expression of extracellular proteins will further validate the potential role of adiponectin on the maintenance of arterial elasticity in addition to its known effect on eNOS mediated vasoprotection.

scholarly journals Dietary Folic Acid and Fat Alter Metabolism of Multiple Vitamins in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1778-1778
Author(s):  
Keri Barron ◽  
Natalia Krupenko
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Abstract Objectives To determine how low and high folic acid (FA) intake, combined with either low or high-fat diets, affects other vitamins in mouse liver and plasma. Methods C57BL/6NHsd mice were placed on one of six diets at weaning and maintained for 16 weeks. The diets varied in their fat content and FA levels: low fat (14% kcal from fat) vs high fat (58% kcal from fat) with 3 different FA levels- 0 ppm FA (FD), 2 ppm FA (Ctrl), 12 ppm (FS). Diets were matched for all other vitamins and minerals. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of plasma and snap-frozen liver samples was conducted at Metabolon®. Results In liver, excess dietary folic acid on a low-fat diet resulted in significantly increased levels of pantothenate, α-tocopherol, FA and several folate metabolites. When FA was over-supplemented in combination with a high fat (HF) diet, α-tocopherol was increased along with several nicotinate and pantothenate metabolites. Interestingly, the HF-FD and -FS diets demonstrated similar effects. These diets resulted in significantly decreased levels of riboflavin, thiamine, vitamin A, and vitamin B6 metabolites while increasing levels of pantetheine metabolites. In plasma, fewer changes with significant differences were observed when mice were fed HF diets. Several nicotinate metabolites were significantly elevated due to the FD diet with no change due to FS. Additionally, there were no changes in pantothenate or riboflavin in the plasma. Interestingly, the HF- FD and -FS diets induced similar responses but in opposite directions in plasma vs liver. The plasma levels of thiamine, vitamin A, and vitamin B6 metabolites were all significantly increased due to both low and high FA, whereas in the liver they were decreased. Additionally, no changes in α-tocopherol were seen in plasma, but the HF-FD diet raised γ/β-tocopherol levels over 2-fold despite equal amounts of vitamin E among all diets. Conclusions Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that diets with too high or too low folate affect other vitamins both in liver and plasma. These effects were further modulated by dietary fat levels. The HF-FD and -FS diets had significant impact on vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9 and E, along with their related derivatives, which may have serious implications for multiple metabolic pathways. Funding Sources NIH.

Dietary lipids modify receptor- and non-receptor-dependent components of alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (6) ◽  
pp. R1465-R1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Hodgkin ◽  
R. J. Boucek ◽  
R. E. Purdy ◽  
W. J. Pearce ◽  
I. M. Fraser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Contractile Response ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Alpha Adrenoceptor ◽  
Abdominal Aortic ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Dietary lipid modulation of alpha-adrenoceptor (adrenergic receptor)- and non-adrenoceptor-mediated contractile properties of isolated rat abdominal aortic segments were assessed during the early developmental period. Rats were raised from conception to 90 days of age on semisynthetic diets containing various types and amounts of lipids. Aortic segments from three groups of rats fed high-fat diets (15% wt/wt) consisting of olive oil, corn oil, or lard as the sole lipid sources were compared with those from rats fed a low-fat control diet containing corn oil (5% wt/wt). alpha-Adrenoceptor activities were assessed by measuring the norepinephrine dose response of the tissue rings with and without partial inactivation of alpha-receptors by benextramine. alpha-Adrenoceptor sensitivity to norepinephrine increased, whereas receptor affinity decreased significantly in rats raised on high-fat diets. Qualitative features of dietary lipids influenced non-adrenoceptor-dependent aspects of vascular contractility. Diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (high- and low-fat corn oil) raised the maximum response to norepinephrine and the contractile response to 60 mM potassium compared with more-saturated diets (olive oil and lard). These results demonstrate an effect of chronic feeding of high dietary fat on alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated contractility of abdominal aortic rings from young Sprague-Dawley rats. Qualitative features of dietary lipids also appear to modify receptor-independent parameters of the contractile response of the arterial tissue rings in these animals.

Whole body insulin sensitivity in Osborne-Mendel and S 5B/Pl rats eating a low- or high-fat diet

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (4) ◽  
pp. R785-R789 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Buchanan ◽  
J. S. Fisler ◽  
S. Underberger ◽  
G. F. Sipos ◽  
G. A. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Glucose Clearance ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Feeding

To determine whether whole body insulin sensitivity differs between a rat strain that does not (S 5B/Pl) and a strain that does [Osborne-Mendel (OM)] become obese when eating a high-fat diet, we performed euglycemic clamp studies in animals from each strain during low- and high-fat feeding. Clamps were performed after 2 days ("initial clamp") and 9 days ("final clamp") on each diet. Plasma glucose and insulin levels during the final 60 min of initial and final clamps were similar in S 5B/Pl and OM rats regardless of diet. Insulin sensitivity, measured as the glucose clearance rate during the final 60 min of the clamp, averaged 35 +/- 3 ml.kg-1.min-1 in S 5B/Pl rats after 2 days on a low-fat diet. This did not change significantly during an additional 7 days on the low-fat diet. The high-fat diet was associated with a 13% reduction in insulin sensitivity after 2 days and a 30% reduction after 9 days in S 5B/Pl rats. OM rats exhibited similar patterns of insulin sensitivity during low- and high-fat diets, albeit at lower insulin sensitivity overall (P < 0.0005 vs. S 5B/Pl). Mean glucose clearance after 2 days on the low-fat diet was 27 +/- 2 mg.kg-1.min-1 and did not change significantly during seven more days of low-fat feeding. The high-fat diet was associated with a 19% reduction in glucose clearance after 2 days and a 38% reduction after 9 days in OM rats. The magnitude of reduction in insulin sensitivity during high-fat diets did not differ significantly between strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of high fat diets on the performance and food intake of primiparous and multiparous rabbit does

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Pascual ◽  
C. Cervera ◽  
E. Blas ◽  
J. Fernandez-Carmona
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Fat Diets

AbstractThe influence of high fat diets on several production traits of primiparous and multiparous rabbit does was studied in 246 lactations from a total of 61 crossbreed rabbit does (Californian × New Zealand). Starting with a control diet (diet C) with 26 g ether extract (EE) per kg dry matter (DM), two isoenergetic diets were formulated adding fat from vegetable sources up to 99 g EE per kg DM (diet V) or animal sources up to 117 g EE per kg DM (diet A). Digestible energy/digestible protein ratio (DE/DP) was maintained between 82 and 87 kj/g. Food intake decreased with high fat diets compared with the control diet during gestation (P ‘lt; 0·001), which implied a decrease in the DE intake (P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 for primiparous and multiparous does, respectively). Fat addition did not affect food intake of primiparous does during lactation (101·8,106·9 and 103·7 g DM per day per kg live weight (M)0·75 for C, V and A diets, respectively) but increased the DE intake (1121 kj/day per kg M°0·75 for C diet cf. 1325 for V and 1264 for A diets; P < 0·01) and reduced does' weight losses at the end of lactation (F > 0·05). However, multiparous does on C diet showed a greater food intake during the last 2 weeks of lactation (110·6 for C diet v. 101·5 and 98·9 g DM per day per kg M0·75 for V and A diets, respectively; P < 0·001). High fat diets improved significantly the productive parameters at the 21st day of lactation: increasing litter size (P < 0·01 for multiparous does) and weight (P < 0·01 and P < 0·001 for primiparous and multiparous does, respectively) and decreasing the food conversion ratio (P < 0·001). An increase of dietary fat content decreased solid food intake of litters during the last 2 weeks of lactation (P < 0·01 and P < 0·001 for primiparous and multiparous does, respectively) but only affected their solid DE intake slightly. In conclusion, high fat diets seem to improve the productivity of lactating does and their corporal condition during the first lactation.

scholarly journals Intramyocellular lipid content is lower with a low-fat diet than with high-fat diets, but that may not be relevant for health

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1316-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Pierre St-Onge ◽  
Bradley R Newcomer ◽  
Steven Buchthal ◽  
Inmaculada Aban ◽  
David B Allison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Intramyocellular Lipid ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
Intramyocellular Lipid Content
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