Influence of breed and sex on muscle weight distribution of cattle

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mukhoty ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Sex Influence ◽  
Differential Development ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Total Muscle

SummaryIn this experiment an attempt was made to study the influence of breed and sex on the muscle-weight distribution of cattle. The weights of individual muscles obtained by total dissection from the side of a carcass from each of 63 bulls, 106 steers and 22 heifers representing six, eight and two breed groups respectively were classified into nine anatomical groups using the method of Butterfield (1963). Muscle-weight distribution was then studied by expressing the muscle in each of these groups as percentages of total muscle and also as adjusted mean weight of muscle in each region while statistically adjusting total muscle to a constant level.Results indicated that breed differences were significant although small for abdominal muscles and muscles of the neck region within bulls and steers, but two breed groups of heifers did not differ. There was no detectable breed influence on the percentage of any other muscle group. Percentages of muscles classified as expensive were found to be remarkably similar among breed groups in all three sexes.Sex influences on muscle distribution were also appraised. There was a general trend of heifers having a higher percentage in the proximal pelvic limb and abdominal areas than steers, while steers exceeded bulls. This order of sex influence was reversed in the muscles of the neck and thorax region. The influence of sex was conspicuous in areas classified as having expensive muscles, with heifers having a higher percentage of muscles in the high-priced regions than steers and steers being superior to bulls. Sex differences reflect the differential development of bulls compared with the other sexes as they mature. Muscles of the neck and thorax in bulls increase in proportion and other groups (proximal hind and abdominal) decrease. The differentiation of muscles represents a trend toward masculinity from heifer to steer to young bull and finally to old bull proportions.

Muscle weight distribution in lambs: a comparison of entire male and female

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
A. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Thoracic Limb ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTThe carcasses of 15 ram and 15 ewe lambs of the Dorset Down breed, weight range 12 to 23 kg, were separated into individual muscles, bones and fat depots.At the same carcass weight (16-8 kg) the ram lambs contained 41 g more muscle per kg, but there were few important differences between sexes in individual muscle weights; 65 of the 72 muscles differed in weight by less than 10 g.The distribution of total muscle weight between eight anatomical groupings differed significantly between the sexes; ewes had proportionately more muscle in the proximal pelvic limb (8 g/kg) and less in the neck (7 g/kg) and distal thoracic limb (1 g/kg). Despite these small differences in muscle-weight distribution in higher-valued joints in favour of the ewe lambs, each of their joints contained less muscle than those of ram lambs.In these lambs, reared under commercial conditions in the United Kingdom, there were no signs of gross morphological differences which could result in their disqualification for the Variable Premium of the European Economic Community Sheepmeat Regime. In particular the m. splenius cervicus was a very small proportion of total muscle in both sexes (1·5 and 2·5 g/kg for ewe and ram respectively).

Breed and sex differences in equally mature sheep and goats 3. Muscle weight distribution

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Thonney ◽  
St C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray ◽  
T. H. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTMales and females from Soay, Welsh Mountain, Southdown, Finnish Landrace, Jacob, Wiltshire Horn and Oxford Down sheep breeds and a breed of feral goats were slaughtered when they reached 0·40, 0·52, 0·64 or 0·76 of the mean mature body weight of their breed and sex. Total weight of dissected muscle was close to 0·30 times fleece-free empty body weight, or 0·24 times live weight, for all breeds and stages of maturity. The growth of 12 individual muscles or muscle groups dissected from the commercially higher-valued joints of the carcass, was examined in relation to live weight and total muscle weight. Limb muscles matured early. All 12 muscles, when combined, also matured early so that the proportion of lean tissue from the higher-valued joints declined as live weight increased.There were small but significant sex differences in the relative growth rate of some muscles. The abdominal muscles were early maturing for males and average for females. There were also sex differences in muscle weight distribution. The proportion of muscle in the hind limb of females was 1·055 times that in males, while the 12 muscles from higher-valued cuts constituted 0·403 of total carcass muscle for females and 0·389 for males, a proportional difference of 0·035.Muscle weight distribution was unrelated to breed size with the possible exception of m. gastrocnemius which appeared to be relatively smaller in genetically larger breeds. After accounting for differences in mature weight, there remained small but significant breed deviations in muscle weight distribution. Southdowns had the most attractive distribution. Feral goats and Jacob sheep, although they had the highest proportion of total muscle, had a much less attractive distribution.

Carcass composition of double-muscled cattle

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Minor Degree ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACT1. An anatomical explanation of the observed differences between double-muscled and phenotypically normal cattle was sought by detailed dissection of the sides of six double-muscled Santa Gertrudis steers and six Brangus steers.2. Relative to carcass weight the double-muscled steers had a significantly greater proportion of muscle and a significantly lower proportion of bone and fat than the Brangus steers. Relative to muscle plus bone weight the muscle proportion was greater and the bone proportion lower in the double-muscled steers.3. The musculature of the double-muscled steers exhibited a gradient of hypertrophy: 12 muscles (234g/kg of total muscle weight) were grossly hypertrophied, 56 muscles (565g/kg) were hypertrophied to a lesser degree and 28 muscles (195g/kg) showed either a minor degree of hypertrophy or no hypertrophy.4. The grossly hypertrophied muscles were generally the larger, superficial muscles of the proximal pelvic limb and shoulder area. The muscles showing least hypertrophy were mostly small muscles located in the deeper areas of the carcass, particularly around the spine and in the proximal hindlimb, and in the proximal and distal forelimb.5. Abnormalities of shape in double-muscled cattle may be attributed largely to altered proportions of total muscle and total fat, and to changes in weight distribution within the musculature.

THE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCLE IN BULLS AND HEIFERS OF TWO BREEDS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Breed Differences

A trial is reported comparing muscle growth and distribution in 12 bulls and 12 heifers of each of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Serial slaughter was carried out from weaning (163 ± 15.1 days) to approximately 15 mo of age. After slaughter, the left side of each carcass was broken into quarters and then eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat, muscle and bone. The growth pattern of muscle in each cut relative to total side muscle was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous among breeds and sexes, indicating that neither breed nor sex influenced relative muscle growth. Some significant (P < 0.05), though minor, sex and breed differences were found when muscle weight distribution was adjusted to constant side muscle weight. Notably DY heifers had significantly (P < 0.05) more muscle in the high-priced cuts (sum of round, sirloin, loin and rib) than either HE heifers or bulls of either breed-type. When muscle weight was adjusted to constant side weight, bulls were found to have a greater weight of muscle in the high-priced cuts than heifers, and DY animals to have more than HE animals.

EFFECTS OF SEX, GENOTYPE AND NUTRITION ON THE RELATIVE GROWTH OF MUSCLES IN THE PIG

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Thoracic Limb ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Muscle Groups

The effects of liveweight, breed, sex, diet and feeding level on muscle distribution were studied by comparing nine anatomical muscle groups dissected from the half carcasses of pigs from two studies. The first study consisted of 109 pigs representing barrows and gilts of three breed groups, fed two diets differing in energy and protein. The second study consisted of 72 barrows and gilts from two breed groups fed a low-energy diet at one of three feed levels. Animals were slaughtered at 23, 68, 91 or 114 kg liveweight. The results were compared with data from one other study. In pigs, major differentiation in muscle development appears to take place prior to 23 kg liveweight. Muscle differentiation appeared to follow functional demands. Muscles associated with mobility immediately after birth such as the distal limb muscles, developed early while those associated with greater locomotion and propulsion, such as the proximal pelvic limb muscles, developed later in life. Sex had little influence on muscle distribution between 23 and 114 kg liveweight. Proportion of abdominal muscles had apparently increased markedly prior to 23 kg liveweight and continued to be influenced by the level of feeding throughout. Breed differences in muscle distribution were observed for spinal, abdominal and distal thoracic limb muscles. Key words: Swine, muscle growth, muscle distribution

scholarly journals Muscle weight distribution in four breeds of cattle with reference to individual muscles, anatomical groups and wholesale cuts

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Charles ◽  
E. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Percentage Distribution ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Different Types

SummaryOne side of each of 51 carcasses of Hereford, Angus, Friesian and Charolais cross-bred steers was dissected and the weights of individual muscles and total carcass muscle were obtained. The percentage distribution of total carcass muscle weight in muscles and in. standard groups of muscles was determined. In addition, the percentage distribution of total carcass muscle weight in wholesale cuts was determined from the weights of whole and part muscles specified as comprising the respective cuts.Minor breed differences only were found in muscle weight distribution among muscles, groups of muscles and wholesale cuts. Similarity of muscle weight distribution in the different types of carcasses studied shows that carcass shape is not associated with differences in the distribution of muscle weight in wholesale cuts.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN CARCASS COMPOSITION AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IN MATURE DOUBLE MUSCLED CATTLE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIMA A. SHAHIN ◽  
R. T. BERG ◽  
M. A. PRICE
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Nonsignificant Trend ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Total Fat

Nineteen mature Double Muscled (DM) cattle consisting of 11 cows and eight bulls were slaughtered between 470 and 710 kg to determine the influence of sex on carcass composition and muscle, bone and fat in DM cattle. Expressed as a percentage of the total side weight, DM bull carcasses had 15% more muscle and 55% less total fat. When sides were compared DM bulls showed a 17% increase in the muscle:bone ratio compared with DM cows. In bull carcasses, there were shifts in muscle weight distribution towards the forequarter. The ratio of hindquarter muscle:forequarter muscle was greater in cows than in bulls. Expressed as a percentage of the total side muscle, significant differences between sexes were found in 48 of the 95 muscles. The most striking sexual dimorphism was found in the neck region, particularly among the muscles responsible for secondary sexual features and those which act to elevate and extend the head. Sexual dimorphism was less pronounced in the distal parts of the both limbs. The cervical vertebrae and scapula made up a greater proportion of total side bone in DM bulls than in DM cows. There was a consistent but nonsignificant trend for the cows to have more of their bone caudally and less anteriorly compared with the bulls. Key words: Carcass composition, muscle distribution, bone distribution, mature Double Muscled cattle, double muscling

Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Charles ◽  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles ◽  
Total Muscle

(1) Six buffalo bulls 14–48 months old were slaughtered and subjected to detailed anatomical dissection. (2) The dressing percentage of 55.2 was greater than that in cattle of similar carcass fatness (10.6). (3) Muscle constituted 37.1% of empty liveweight. (4) The carcasses had a high proportion by weight of muscle (68.6%), a low proportion of bone (17.3%), and a low proportion of fat (10.6%) relative to the proportions found in steer carcasses of similar muscle plus bone weights or total dissected fat percentages. (5) A study of muscle weight distribution showed that the spinal muscle group formed a lesser proportion of total muscle than in bovine steers, while the muscles of the proximal forelimb, those of the thorax passing onto the forelimb, and the intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax formed a greater proportion. The possibility of a sex effect on muscle weight distribution was discussed. (6) Fat distribution featured a high proportion of intermuscular fat relative to subcutaneous fat, and the proportions of kidney and channel fats were greater than those encountered in comparable bovine steer carcasses.

Breed and sex differences in muscle distribution in equally mature sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Taylor ◽  
M. A. Mason ◽  
T. H. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Individual Muscle ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Percentage Basis ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTSheep from the Soay, Southdown, Finnish Landrace and Oxford Down breeds were serially slaughtered at 40, 52, 64 and 76% of their estimated mature body weight. Breed and sex comparisons of muscle distribution wee made at these degrees of maturity. Comparisons were based on 12 individual muscles obtained from the prime retailjoints. Together, these 12 muscles represented about 41 % of total weight ofmuscle in the carcass. Highly significant breed and sex differences in the weight of individual muscles were obtained, but these differences were greatly reduced when values were expressed as a percentage of total muscle weight.On a percentage basis, there were significant changes with stage of maturity in only three of the muscles studied, although most individual muscles showed an initial percentage decrease with increasing maturity (from 40 to 52%) but almost no change thereafter. Significant breed differences in muscle distribution were found. The individual muscles examined, when combined, comprised 40·8, 43·4, 40·5 and 39·8 % of total muscle weight respectively in the Soay, Southdown, Finnish Landrace and Oxford Down. No breed was significantly above average for every individual muscle, but the Southdown had the highest percentage in 6 out of 12 and might therefore be said to have had the most preferred muscle distribution. For most muscles examined, the percentage was slightly higher for females than for males, with totals for all 12 muscles of 41·9 and 40·4% respectively.

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity of Australian Dorset Horn rams and wethers. 2. Individual muscles and muscle groups

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
K. J. Reddacliff ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
J. Zamora ◽  
Jean Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Wall Group ◽  
Very High ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Male Sheep

ABSTRACTMaturity patterns have been established for 93 individual carcass muscles and nine standard muscle groups using dissection data from 20 Dorset Horn rams and 20 Dorset Horn wethers. A very high proportion, 81/93, of the individual muscles and all the muscle groups had maturity patterns which were not different for the rams and wethers.Maturity patterns of some muscle groups varied from those previously demonstrated in Merino rams, in that the abdominal wall group was later maturing and the neck to forelimb and neck and thorax groups were earlier maturing in the Dorset Horns.Comparison of the distribution of muscle weight of the Dorset Horn rams and wethers at the mean total muscle weight resulted in different conclusions to comparison at the mean proportion of maturity. It is concluded that comparisons of muscle weight distribution of entire and castrated male sheep, in which mature muscle weight varies, will be most meaningful if carried out at the same proportion of maturity, since comparisons at the same weight of total muscle will embrace components of difference due to stage of maturity.

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