Food intake, growth and body composition in Australian Merino sheep selected for high and low weaning weight. 2. Chemical and dissectible body composition

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
Diana Perry
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Body Components

ABSTRACTThe changes in chemical and dissectible body composition from birth to maturity were examined in rams and ewes from flocks of Merino sheep selected for high (weight-plus) and low (weight-minus) weaning weight and from a randomly bred control flock. Body composition was examined in 34 mature animals and the maturing patterns for body components calculated using mean values from the mature animals and individual data from 106 immature animals.In the 34 mature animals, strain had no effect on the proportions of chemical and dissected fat, protein and muscle in the body. The weight-plus had greater proportions of ash and carcass bone in the body than the weight-minus animals. Mature rams had lower proportions of chemical and dissected fat and greater proportions of protein, muscle, ash and carcass bone in the body than mature ewes.The weight-minus animals had later maturing patterns for both chemical and dissected fat than the weight-plus animals. Strain had no effect on the maturing patterns for protein and muscle, although both ash and carcass bone were later maturing in the weight-plus, than in the weight-minus animals. Chemical and dissected fat were later maturing in the ewes than in the rams, whereas protein, muscle, ash and carcass bone were earlier maturing in the ewes than in the rams.The weight-minus animals were fatter at the heavier body weights, although there was a trend for the weight-plus animals to be slightly fatter at the lighter body weights. When compared at the same stage of maturity of body weight, strain differences in the proportion of fat in the body declined as the animals matured. Compositional differences between the rams and ewes varied according to the body weight or stage of maturity of body weight at which they were compared.

Food intake, growth and body composition in Australian Merino sheep selected for high and low weaning weight 4. Partitioning of dissected and chemical fat in the body

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
Diana Perry
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Sex Effects ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Total Body

AbstractChanges in the partitioning of both dissected and chemical fat were examined from birth to maturity, in rams and ewes from flocks of Merino sheep selected for high (weight-plus) and low (weight-minus) weaning weight and from a randomly bred control flock. The partitioning of fat between six dissected and 11 chemical fat partitions in the body was examined in 34 mature animals, and the maturing patterns for these fat partitions calculated relative to the weight of total body fat, using the mean values for the mature animals and individual data from 106 immature animals.Strain had no effect on the partitioning of dissected fat in the mature animals, but did affect the partitioning of chemical fat in the bone and pelt partitions. Mature ewes had greater proportions of dissected subcutaneous and kidney fat, and lower proportions of dissected intermuscular and scrotal/udder fat, than the mature rams.There were significant strain and sex effects on maturing patterns for dissected subcutaneous and intermuscular fat. Strain and sex effects were also significant for the maturing patterns of some chemical fat partitions.Selection for high or low weaning weight had little effect on the partitioning of either dissected or chemical fat when compared at the same stage of maturity of total fat. There were large differences in the partitioning of both chemical and dissected fat between the rams and the ewes when compared at either the same weight of total fat, or the same stage of maturity of total fat in the body.

scholarly journals Composition of the human foetus

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharad V. Apte ◽  
Leela Iyengar
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Foetus ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

1. The body composition was determined of forty-one fetuses of different gestational ages born to mothers belonging to a low socio-economic group of the population.2. With increasing gestational age the water content fell from 88% at 28 weeks to 76% at term; the fat content increased from 2.1% to 11.2% and the protein content increased from 6.9 to 9.3%.3. The changes in body composition were more closely related to body-weight than to gestational age.4. The calcium, Phosphorus and magnesium contents of the body per unit fat-free weight progressively increased with gestational age, and at term the values appeared to be considerably lower than those reported in the literature. The Ca:P ratio was constant at different body-weights.5. The body iron content per unit of fat-free weight increased marginally with increasing gestational age. The value was almost 30% lower than the values reported from elsewhere.6. It is suggested that chemical composition and nutrient stores of the developing foetus can be considerably influenced by the state of maternal nutrition.

Maintenance rations for Merino sheep. IV. The performance of adult Merino ewes fed daily and weekly at three levels of energy intake

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Briggs ◽  
MC Franklin ◽  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean

Dry adult Merino ewes were fed at daily or weekly intervals on oat grain at levels which provided 4.0, 3.0, or 2.0 lb starch equivalent (S.E.) per sheep per week. The experimental periods were 223, 223, and 181 days respectively. Differences between the mean body weights of the ewes a t the three levels of feeding were highly significant (P < 0.001). Body weight varied only slightly and no losses occurred in ewes fed weekly at the rate of 4.0 lb S.E. per head. Ewes fed daily a t this level had a significantly greater mean body weight (P < 0.001) a t the conclusion of the 223-day experimental period. The addition of a sodium chloride supplement did not improve the body weight or wool production of ewes fed weekly a t the level of 4.0 lb S.E. The mean body weight of ewes fed at the levels of 3.0 or 2.0 lb S.E. per head declined over the first 12 and 18 respectively and thereafter remained relatively constant. There were no significant differences at these levels of feeding between groups fed daily and weekly in respect of body weight, wool production, or survival rates. Ewes fed a t the level of 4.0 lb S.E. grew significantly more wool than those given 3.0 lb S.E. (P < 0.001). Losses were negligible in all groups except those fed a t the level of 2.0 lb S.E. In these groups there were few deaths in the first 16 weeks, but in the subsequent 10 weeks losses totalled 17.1 per cent. Ewes fed a t the level of 2.0 lb S.E. consumed their rations at a significantly slower rate (P < 0.01) than did those fed a t the level of 4.0 lb S.E.

Body composition of Romney-Southdown cross and Merino sheep foetuses at a constant age and a constant body weight

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Australian Merino

1. Body shape and carcass composition have been measured in a dated series of Romney-Southdown cross and Australian Merino sheep foetuses.2. Large differences in shape exist between the two breed groups and these result from growth rate differences in certain components of the bone and muscle tissue.3. Carcass composition at any particular foetal weight, however, is more uniform. In relation to body weight, the Merino has a higher proportion of bone in the body but the proportion of muscle is the same in both breed groups. Nevertheless, the distribution of muscle tissue is changed as there s i a higher proportion of muscle in the hind limb of the Romney-Southdown cross.

The body composition of growing sheep during milk feeding, and the effect on composition of weaning at various body weights

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle ◽  
D. A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Milk Feeding

SummaryThirty-four (13♂, 21♀) entire cross-bred lambs were suckled on reconstituted, spray-dried cows' milk from 2 days of age for varying periods of time up to 18 weeks before being weaned on to solid food or slaughtered to determine chemical composition. The body composition of each sheep (water, fat, protein, energy) was also estimated from the tritiated water (TOH) space at 3-weekly intervals during milk feeding, at intervals of 5–8 weeks subsequently and at slaughter. Comparison between. TOH estimates and whole body analysis confirmed the accuracy of the previously-derived prediction equations.The relationship between each of the various body components and body weight for individual sheep during milk feeding was described by a ‘bent’ (non-rectangular) hyperbola. There were no substantial differences between animals in either the position or slope of the lower asymptote nor in the slope of the upper asymptote. There were, however, substantial differences in the point of intersection of the two asymptotes both within and between sexes. The mean intersection points for males and females were 17·7 and 14·4 kg body weight respectively.Sheep weaned at body weights of 11–16 kg subsequently followed the previously defined pattern of growth. Weaning at higher body weights (21–34 kg, body fat not less than 5·5 kg) resulted initially in both fat and/or body weight loss. In the final fattening phase of growth early- and late-weaned sheep of the same sex had similar body composition but females were fatter than males.

Prediction of body compostion of sheep from tritiated water space and body weight—tests of published equations

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
General Application ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Healthy Sheep ◽  
Water Space

SUMMARYThe body composition of parasite-infected sheep and of healthy sheep of various body weights and breeding was predicted from tritiated water (TOH) space and body weight using previously published regression equations. Results agreed well with body composition determined by analysis of the minced carcass though a small bias existed in some groups. It is concluded that the equations have a general application to the prediction of body composition in sheep.

Reproduction in farmed red deer:3. Hind growth and mortality

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne ◽  
W. J. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Partial Effects

SUMMARYThe growth and mortality of red deer hinds from 3 months of age were analysed using data from a farmed stock. Calf mortality from 3 to 15 months of age was 11 % and was highest in the 2 months immediately after weaning. Mortality in the 8 years subsequent to the hinds reaching 15 months was low and based on 924 yearly records of survival was 1·8% per annum.The rate of growth of the calves during their first winter was markedly affected by the amount of feed given and slightly (though highly significantly) greater for the larger calves. In the subsequent summer there was no effect of weaning weight on gain. This varied considerably from year to year.The subsequent growth of the hinds showed that an equilibrium weight of about 82 kg was achieved, and that body weight at the beginning of the year, age, and whether or not the hind produced a calf, all affected the increase in body weight during a particular year.The results are combined to estimate the effects of culling the hind stock at different ages on the number of surplus female calves and the effects on lifetime reproductive performance of the body weight of hinds when 15 months of age. The latter can be predicted from weaning weight and winter feed intake provided gain from 10 to 15 months at pasture can be estimated. The partial effects of giving additional concentrated feed in the first winter were estimated and found to be appreciable.Comparisons of the results are made with mortality rates and body weights estimated by others for wild populations.

scholarly journals Bayesian analyses of multiple epistatic QTL models for body weight and body composition in mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
NENGJUN YI ◽  
DENISE K. ZINNIEL ◽  
KYOUNGMI KIM ◽  
EUGENE J. EISEN ◽  
ALFRED BARTOLUCCI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Epistatic Effects ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Late Growth

To comprehensively investigate the genetic architecture of growth and obesity, we performed Bayesian analyses of multiple epistatic quantitative trait locus (QTL) models for body weights at five ages (12 days, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks) and body composition traits (weights of two fat pads and five organs) in mice produced from a cross of the F1 between M16i (selected for rapid growth rate) and CAST/Ei (wild-derived strain of small and lean mice) back to M16i. Bayesian model selection revealed a temporally regulated network of multiple QTL for body weight, involving both strong main effects and epistatic effects. No QTL had strong support for both early and late growth, although overlapping combinations of main and epistatic effects were observed at adjacent ages. Most main effects and epistatic interactions had an opposite effect on early and late growth. The contribution of epistasis was more pronounced for body weights at older ages. Body composition traits were also influenced by an interacting network of multiple QTLs. Several main and epistatic effects were shared by the body composition and body weight traits, suggesting that pleiotropy plays an important role in growth and obesity.

scholarly journals Body composition and net requirements of protein and energy for weight gain of Nellore and crossbreed steers finished under grazing

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 912-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.F. Sant´Ana ◽  
C.A.A. Fontes ◽  
R.S.T. Silva ◽  
C.S. Garcia ◽  
R.A.M. Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Slaughter Method ◽  
Representative Samples

The objective of this work was to evaluate body composition and net requirements of protein and energy for weight gain of Nellore and crossbred F1 Limousin-Nellore steers finished on Mombasa grass pastures. Mombasa grass (Panicum maximum) pastures were managed under intermitent stocking during the rainy season, with a forage offer of 8% of the body weight (BW) based on the dry matter of green leaves. Twenty-four steers were used: 12 were Nellore (386 kg SBW) and 12 were F1 Limousin-Nellore (397 kg SBW). Changes in body composition in a 104-day experimental period were evaluated according to the comparative slaughter method. After slaughter, all body components were weighed and representative samples of carcass (HH section) and non-carcass tissues were collected, processed and chemically analyzed to determine body contents of protein, fat and energy in each animal. Linearized allometric equations were fitted to describe the pattern of growth of body components as a function of empty body weight of the animals. The obtained equations were derived to predict net requirements of protein and energy for weight gain. There were no differences between Nellore and crossbreed steers regarding to protein deposition. Nellore animals tended to a greater deposition of energy on weight compared to crossbred animals. It is possible to obtain well finished carcass in Nellore and crossbred steers with a greater weight on tropical pastures with an adequate supply of leaves.

Body composition in lambs and young sheep and its prediction in vivo from tritiated water space and body weight

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Healthy Sheep ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Water Space ◽  
Representative Samples

SUMMARYTritiated water (TOH) space was determined in sixty-one sheep of known age (3 days to 18 months). Representative samples of the minced carcass were subsequently analysed to determine body composition (water, fat, protein, ash and energy). The regressions of the weight of the various body components on TOH space and body weight reported here gave equations suitable for prediction. These were similar to equations derived from published results for adults. Combining data on young sheep and adults gave broadly based equations that could be used to predict the body composition of healthy sheep of all ages from 3 days to adults.

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