The nutrition of the early-weaned calf. I. The effect on nitrogen retention of diets containing different levels of groundnut meal

1. Nitrogen balance studies were made on eight early weaned calves given diets varying in crude protein content from 11·6% to 22·6% in dry matter.2. Nitrogen retention increased significantly as the level of crude protein increased to 19·20%; there was no further increase in nitrogen retention when the level of protein was increased to 22·6%.3. Dry matter digestibility and apparent digestibility of dietary nitrogen rose progressively as the level of crude protein increased.4. The nitrogen retention of calves fed diets adequate in protein was calculated to be 2·88 g. per 100 g. gain in body weight.

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The nutrition of the early-weaned calf VIII. The effect on nitrogen retention of diets containing different levels of fish meal

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100022273 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 53-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

T. R. Preston ◽

F. G. Whitelaw ◽

N. A. MacLeod ◽

Euphemia B. Philip

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Live Weight ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Protein Requirement ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Digestible Crude Protein ◽

Different Levels

SUMMARY1. All-concentrate diets containing four different levels of Peruvian (anchovy) fish meal and varying in crude protein content from 14·8% to 21·7% in dry matter were given ad libitum to 8 early-weaned Friesian calves over a live-weight range of 60–100 kg.2. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher on diets containing 21·7% and 19·4% crude protein in dry matter than on diets with 16·8% and 14·8% crude protein. Nitrogen retention as a percentage of dietary intake appeared to be less on the diet with 21·7% crude protein in dry matter than on the other diets.3. From these data it was calculated that the digestible crude protein requirement for a calf of 82 kg. live-weight gaining at 909 g. daily is between 270 and 340 g.

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Intensive beef production 4. The effect on nitrogen retention of all-concentrate diets containing different levels of fish meal

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100022248 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 19-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

H. B. Bowers ◽

T. R. Preston ◽

I. McDonald ◽

N. A. MacLeod ◽

Euphemia B. Philip

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Protein Level ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Live Weight ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Different Levels ◽

Crude Protein Level

SUMMARY1. All-concentrate diets given ad libitum and containing different levels of fish meal, and varying in crude protein content from 16 to 22% in dry matter were given to eight Friesian steers at 150 kg. and at 240 kg. live-weight.2. At a mean live-weight of 150 kg., the retention of nitrogen increased significantly to a maximum of 41.5 g. per day on the diet having 22% crude protein in dry matter. At 240 kg. live-weight, the maximum retention of 37 g. per day was achieved at 20% crude protein in dry matter.3. Faecal nitrogen excretion per unit of metabolic body weight was approximately constant at all protein levels and at both live-weights.4. Urinary nitrogen excretion per unit of metabolic body weight increased with increasing crude protein level in the diet and for any crude protein level was higher at 240 kg. than at 150 kg. live-weight.

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Digestibility of the lichen Stereocaulon paschale in reindeer

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.1.1.400 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Endre Jacobsen

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Northern Norway ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility

The digestibility of the lichen Stereocaulon paschale is studied in a digestibility trial with two reindeer calves. The lichen is collected near Kautokeino in Northern Norway. Chemical composition of the lichen is shown in Table 1. Compared with Cladonia-species the content of crude protein and ash is higher in Stereocanlon paschale The content of Ca, P and Mg in the two species is of the same magnitude, while the content of Na and CI is ten times higher in Cladonia alpestris. The estimated digestibility is shown in Table 2. The dry matter digestibility is calculated to 46, 4%, which is very low compared to Cladonia-species. The higher crude protein content in Stereocaulon paschale has resulted in a positive apparent digestibility of protein.Tinajåkålån (Stereocanlon paschale) sulavuus porolla.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Tinajåkålån sulavuutta on tutkittu sulavuuskokeissa kahdella poronvasalla. Kokeessa kåytetty jåkålå on koottu låheltå Kautokemoa. Jåkålån kemiallinen koosturnus on esitetty taulukossa I. Tinajåkålån sisåltåmå raakaproteiini- ja tuhkapitoisuus on korkeampi kuin (Cladonia-lajeilla). Ca-, P- ja Mg-pitoisuudet ovat po. jåkålålajeilla samantasoiset, kun taas Cladonia alpestris sisaltåmåt Na- ja Cl-pitoisuudet ovat kymmenen kertaa korkeampia. Sulavuuslaskelmat esitetåån taulukossa 2. Kuiva-aineen sulavuus on 46,4% mikå on erittåin alhainen verrattuna Cladonia-lajien sulavuuteen. Tinajåkålån korkeampi proteiinisisålto on vaikuttanut myonteisesti valkuaisaineen sulavuuteen.Fordøyelighet av saltlav, (Stereocaulon paschale) til reinAbstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Fordøyeligheten av saltlav (Stereocaulon paschale) er undersøkt i fordøyelsesforsøk med 2 reinkalver. Lav til forsøket er sanket nær Kautokeino. Kjemisk sammensetning av lavet er vist i Tabell 1. Sammenlignet med Cladonia-arter er innholdet av råprotein og aske høyere i saltlavet. Innholdet av Ca. P og Mg er på samme nivå i disse arter, mens innholdet av Na og Cl er ti ganger høyere i Cladonia alpestris. Den beregnede fordøyelighet er vist i Tabell 2. For tørrstoff er fordøyeligheten 46,4%, som er svært lavt sammenlignet med fordøyeligheten for Cladonia-arter. Det høyere proteininnholdet i saltlav har ført til positiv fordøyelighet for protein.

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The Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy Value to Pigs of Plantains (Musa Sapientum Var. Paradisiaca Linn)

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v1i2.2057 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 184-191

Author(s):

V. A. Oyenuga ◽

B. L. Fetuga

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Large White ◽

High Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Free Extract

The proximate and mineral constituents of six plantain forms, raw green plantain (RGP), cooked green plantain (CGP), raw ripe plantain (RRP), cooked ripe plantain (CRP), green plantain meal (GPM) and ripe plantain meal (RPM) were determined by chemical analysis. 24 large white barrows, weighing initially, between 40-45 kg., were used to study the apparent digestibility of nutrients, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (ME(n) and total digestible nutrients when the plantains served as the only source of nutrients. In a second experiment ME and ME(n) were measured for the plantain forms using 28 Large White barrows, with diets in which the plantains replaced 50% of maize in a basal diet. All the plantain forms had low fat, crude fibre and crude protein content but high in nitrogen-free extract, phosphorus, potassium and Iron. Identically high dry matter (D.M.) and nitrogen-free extract (N.F.E.) digestion coefficients were obtained for all the plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values. Digestion coefficients for crude protein (46.9, 53.6, 51.8, 34.3,-32.7 %), crude fibre, (46.6, 49.5, 58.7, 62.6, 56.9, 39.6 %), ether extract (55.9, 56.6, 66.9, 69.2, 54.7 and 34.6 %) for RGP, CGP, RRP, CRP, GPM and RPM respectively were considerably lower than for D.M. and N.F.E. The DE, ME ME(n) and TDN values were comparable for all plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values in most cases. The fresh green plantains and green plantain meals had slightly higher energy values than the ripe plantains, even though the nutrients in the ripe plantains were better digested than in the green forms. The results are discussed in relation to variations in the relative proportions of the simple and more complex carbohydrates during ripening.

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Problems involved in the utilization of alkali-treated fibrous roughages 1. The effects of level of roughage and protein in the diet and neutralization of residual alkali

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100001598 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 105-112

Author(s):

D. Levy ◽

Z. Holzer ◽

D. Drori ◽

Y. Folman

Keyword(s):

Factorial Design ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Compensatory Growth ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Feeding Trial ◽

Protein Levels

ABSTRACTWheat straw treated with 35 g NaOH per kg was offered to male calves at three levels: 300 (A), 500 (B), and 700 (C) g/kg diet, in a metabolism trial and in a feeding trial. In the former the wheat straw was offered either neutralized with HC1 (N) or unneutralized (U), in six subtreatments (AN, BN, CN, AU, BU and CU) in a 3 × 2 factorial design to a total of 24 calves. Dry-matter intake per kg W0·73was 123, 108, 104, 122, 105 and 91 g/day, and the digestibility of the organic matter of the straw was 0·388, 0·616, 0·629, 0·385, 0·528 and 0·544 respectively. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein of the straw was negative. Nitrogen retention per kg W0·73was 0·91, 0·58, 0·52, 0·97, 0·57 and 0·50 g/day, respectively.In the feeding trial, unneutralized, NaOH-treated wheat straw was offered to a total of 84 calves for 100 days at the above three levels with two protein levels: standard, 120 g/kg (S) and high, 140 g/kg (H), in six subtreatments (AS, BS, CS, AH, BH and CH) in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The concentrates were pelleted. From day 101 to slaughter all the calves were offered one finishing diet.Level of protein had no effect on performance. Increasing the levels of straw in the first 100 days sharply reduced average daily gains; these were 1 074, 825 and 583 g, respectively. However, the respective average daily gains on the finishing diet were 1 131, 1 272 and 1 316 g, indicating a considerable amount of compensatory growth.

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The utilization of roughage by sheep and the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus (Desmarest)

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9650429 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 429 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

JZ Foot ◽

B Romberg

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Dietary Nitrogen ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Red Kangaroo ◽

Quality Diet ◽

Oat Straw ◽

Food Residues

Two roughage diets, lucerne hay and oat straw, were given to three Corriedale sheep and three red kangaroos. Dry matter intakes, nitrogen balances, and body weight changes of the animals were compared, and the digestibilities of each diet by each species and the retention times of the food residues in their alimentary tracts were estimated. The kangaroos were less affected by the quality of the diet than were the sheep. The sheep ate nearly the same amount of lucerne hay and less oat straw than the kangaroos, after adjustment for body weight differences. Digestibility coefficients were higher for the lucerne hay when fed to the sheep, but apparent dry matter digestibility coefficients for oat straw were about the same for sheep and kangaroos. The mean retention times of food residues were lower in the kangaroos, and dietary nitrogen was retained to the same or a slightly lesser extent than in the sheep. The kangaroos maintained weight on the poor quality diet and appeared to be even better adapted to utilize this type of roughage than the sheep.

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The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the ruminant: IV. The effect of crude fibre

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185960003433x ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 78-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

J. Glover ◽

M. H. French

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

General Equation ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

The Other ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Modified Equation

The role of crude fibre in modifying the general equation relating the digestibility coefficient of crude protein to the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of a feed is described.It is shown that for normal average food-stuffs the effect is slight and that for all practical routine purposes the original equation will provide satisfactory estimates of the digestibility coefficient when only the crude-protein content of the dry feed is known.On the other hand, when exceptional feeds are encountered, particularly those in which the crudefibre/crude-protein relationship is abnormal, then more accurate estimates of the digestibility coefficient of crude protein can be obtained from the modified equation which is described above.

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The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the ruminant: III. The application of the general equation to rations containing urea

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600031774 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 384-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. H. French

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

General Equation ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Ammonium Salts ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Urea Nitrogen

The digestibility of the crude-protein equivalent (N × 6·25) of rations containing urea conforms with the general equation, y = 70 log x − 15, correlating the dry-matter crude-protein content (x) with its coefficient of digestibility (y), irrespective of whether the urea nitrogen is absorbed as ammonium salts or converted to microbial protein prior to digestion.

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Seasonal production of Andropogon gayanus

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600023455 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. J. Haggar ◽

M. B. Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Wet Season ◽

Mature Leaves ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Andropogon Gayanus ◽

The Mean

SummaryThe crude protein content and in vitro dry-matter digestibility (I.V.D.) of leaves and stems of Andropogon gayanus, grouped into four different age categories, were measured at weekly intervals during the secondhalf of the 1968 wet season. The crude protein content of all categories of leaf and stem rose to a maximumat ear emergence; significant reductions occurred thereafter, especiallyin the younger categories of leaf and stem. At any point in time the younger leaves and stems contained significantly more crude protein than the older leaves and stems.Although the mean crude protein content of each stem category was significantly lower than the corresponding leaf category, the young, elongating stems had a significantly higher crude protein content than the older, mature leaves at the time of ear emergence.The mean I.V.D. of all leaf and stem categories was highest at the start of the recording period. At ear emergence the I.V.D. of the young elongating stems was at least as high as the mature leaves. After ear emergence the I.V.D. of the stems fell more rapidly than the leaves.The results support the principle of cutting at ear emergence to achieve maximum yields of digestible nutrients.

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Supplementation of rice straw with dry leucaena

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9890381 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 381 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

PT Doyle

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Voluntary Intake ◽

Dietary Treatments

The effects of supplementation with three levels (5, 10 and 15% of DM offered) of dry leucaena on the voluntary intake and digestion of rice straw by sheep were studied. These effects were compared with those of a supplement of urea and sulfate. In all cases, the rice straw was supplemented with minerals.Total dry matter intake (DMI) increased linearly with the level of leucaena, but there was no affect on intake of straw. Nor did supplementation with urea and sulfate affect straw intake. Neither of these supplements affected the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM).There were significant linear relationships between DM1 and the amounts of total digesta or DM in the reticulo-rumen (RR). The amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) in the RR also increased with the amount of leucaena offered, as did the concentration of ammonia N in rumen fluid.While the flows of digesta constituents increased linearly with the amount of leucaena in the diet, there were no significant effects of dietary treatments on the fractional outflow rates of NDF from the RR. The fractional digestion rates of NDF in the RR were also not affected by supplementation. The intake of nitrogen, the amount of crude protein apparently digested in the intestines (DCPi) and apparent nitrogen retention all increased with the amount of leucaena given. In contrast, supplementationwith urea and sulfate increased N intake, but DCPi was not increased to the same extent as with leucaena. The proportion of NAN flowing through the abomasum which was of microbial origin was lower (0.66 v. 0.73) when 15% leucaena was in the diet than with straw alone or straw plus urea and sulfate.

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