Response of fast growing lambs to compound protein level

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J S Blake ◽  
T D A Brigstocke ◽  
P J Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Development Unit ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Lamb Growth

Reduction of the financial support by the EC to sheep farmers has highlighted the need for lamb fattening diets which can adjust the rate of lamb growth, depending on market needs. A trial was run at BOCM SILCOCK Development Unit, Barhill using 144 Texel and Suffolk x Mule lambs, with a mean start weight of 18.6 ± 0.50 kg (mean ± SE). Lambs were divided into 24 pens and allocated one of four compound diets (Diets A, B, C or D). The diets were designed to be isoenergetic with an estimated energy of 11.4 MJ ME/kg DM and contained 138, 172, 206 and 250 g crude protein/kg DM. Protein levels were increased by increasing soya bean meal inclusion from 0 to 25% and reducing barley and wheat levels.Formulations and actual analysis are shown in Table 1. Lambs were bedded on barley straw refreshed daily, with compound diets and water available ad-lib.

Protein levels in practical diets for bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
C. D. Rickaby
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. The performance and profitability of growing-fattening bacon pigs on two diets, A and B, were compared in farm-scale trials at five centres involving a total of 94 pigs. Diet A contained normal amounts of white-fish meal, middlings and barley meal. Diet B was a cheap low-protein diet containing 90–95% barley meal and no wheat offals.2. The average crude protein contents of the diets were: diet A, weaner meal 17·2%, fattener meal 14·1% and diet B 14·8% and 12·1% respectively.3. The pigs on diet A had a daily live-weight gain 1·26 lb. and a food conversion ratio of 3·38 lb.; corresponding figures for the pigs on diet B were 1·22 lb. and 3·49 lb.The food costs of the pigs on diet B were lower by 10s. 10d. per pig; although the grading of these pigs was slightly poorer, the ultimate profit was 7s. 10d. greater per pig than for diet A.4. At a sixth centre, decorticated groundnut meal was used in diet B instead of soya bean meal; this had a marked adverse effect on the performance of the pigs and the profit was 18s. 3d. less per pig than for diet A.

A note on the need for supplementary nitrogen in diets for fattening beef cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
A. Macdearmid
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Experimental Treatments

SUMMARYThirty British Friesian steers were given either a pelleted diet of bruised barley and ground barley straw (70:30) containing 9·4% crude protein (N × 6·25) or a similar diet with urea or soya bean meal added to raise the crude protein content to 15·0%. Up to a live weight of 200 kg, the growth rate and feed conversion of steers were improved by supplementary nitrogen and urea provided this as effectively as soya bean meal. Beyond 200 kg there were no differences in growth rate or feed conversion between any of the experimental treatments.

Responses of lactating ewes, offered fresh herbage indoors and when grazing, to supplements containing differing protein concentrations

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Penning ◽  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Daily Milk

ABSTRACTThe responses to supplements differing in protein concentration and degradability were measured in lactating ewes and their twin lambs when offered fresh ryegrass either cut or grazed. Housed Scottish Halfbred ewes, offered fresh-cut grass ad libitum received no supplement (N) or supplements with barley and maize starch (B); barley and soya-bean meal (S); barley, soya-bean meal and fish meal (SF) or barley and fish meal (F) in weeks 2 to 7 of lactation. By feeding supplements, herbage organic-matter (OM) intake was depressed (2·00 v. 1·74 kg/day). Mean daily milk yield was increased when protein supplements were given and, because milk protein concentration was higher for supplement F and similar for all other diets, mean daily milk protein output increased with increasing fish meal in the diet. Milk yields were N 2·55, B 2·59, S 3·17, SF 3·15 and F 3·17 kg/day. Total milk solids and fat concentrations were also higher for S, SF and F than N or B. Lambs from ewes supplemented with protein grew faster and the ewes generally lost less weight and body condition compared with unsupplemented ewes.At pasture, Masham ewes grazed at herbage allowances of either 4 (L) or 10 (H) kg OM per day and received no supplement (N) or supplements B or F, for the first 6 weeks of lactation and then, in weeks 7 to 12, grazed without supplements. For NL, BL, FL, NH, BH and FH respectively lamb growth rates from birth to 6 weeks were 235, 242, 274, 267, 286 and 302 g/day; from birth to 12 weeks were 210, 209, 249, 255, 275 and 287 g/day and losses in ewe body-condition score from birth to 12 weeks were 1·28, 1·22, 1·06, 0·97, 0·62 and 0·76.It is concluded that protein supplements increased milk yield and lamb growth rates and that the response tended to be greater with fish meal.

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of soya-bean meal and rapeseed meal on the amino acid profiles and acid-pepsin solubility of rumen undegraded protein

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Varvikko ◽  
J. E. Lindberg ◽  
J. Setälä ◽  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Methionine Concentration ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYSoya-bean meal and rapeseed meal treated with 0, 0·4 or 0·8 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein (N × 6·25) was incubated in the rumen in nylon bags with 10 and 40 μm aperture.Disappearance of dry matter and nitrogenous compounds was reduced with increasing formaldehyde treatment.The proportion of acid-pepsin soluble nitrogen in the undegraded residues of untreated and treated soya-bean meal was similar to the original samples. For rapeseed meal the proportion of acid-pepsin soluble nitrogen in the undegraded residues decreased with increasing rumen incubation time. This reduction decreased with increasing formaldehyde treatment.Concentration of amino acids in the undegraded residues did not generally deviate from those in the original samples. However, a distinguishable decrease in the methionine concentration was observed in all the rapeseed meal samples and in glutamic acid concentration in rapeseed meal treated with 0 and 0·4 g formaldehyde/100g- crude protein.Most of the changes due to rumen incubation were smaller using the 10 μm bags than using the 40 μm bags. However, the bag pore size did not play a decisive role in the conclusions of the results given.

scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted (1) to determine the effects of phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility and availability of P in soya-bean meal for growing pigs and (2) to compare growth v. digestibility variables for assessing the availability of P. In the first experiment the effect of phytase on P availability was assessed in a growth assay using a slope–ratio design of treatments. Two different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or soya-bean meal were added to a basal sugar–soya-bean-meal diet (2·5 g P/kg) to give two levels of P (g/kg): 3·25 and 4·0 for each source. An additional five diets were supplemented with phytase. The ten diets were offered ad lib. for 35 d to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. In addition, the relative effectiveness of different variables for assessing P availability were compared: bone bending moment, ash in various bones, and ash and P in the empty body. The addition of phytase increased growth rate (g/d) (741 v. 835; P < 0·05), lowered the food conversion ratio (2·37 v. 2·16; P < 0·01), and increased protein deposition (g/d) (108 v. 123; P < 0·05), protein retention (kg/kg) (0·33 v. 0·36; P < 0·05), energy retention (MJ gross energy/MJ digestible energy) (0·36 v. 0·38; P < 0·05) and the availability of P in soya-bean meal from 0·11 to 0·69 when bone bending moment was the criterion of availability. All other criteria for assessing availability were unsuitable. In the second experiment the availability of (P) in soya-bean meal was assessed in a digestibility experiment with grower pigs using diets 1–5 as for Expt 1 arranged in a slope–ratio design of treatments. In addition, the effects of phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of P, dry matter, crude protein (N × 6·25) and energy were determined. The diets were offered at three times maintenance energy requirements to male pigs initially weighing approximately 30 kg live weight and total collection of faeces was conducted over a 10 d period. The availability of P in the soya-bean meal was 0·66 using digestible P intake as the criterion of response. The apparent digestibility of P in soya-bean meal was 0·42. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of soya-bean meal P to 0·69 (P < 0·01) but had no effect on the faecal digestibility of dry matter or crude protein. Overall these experiments indicate that (1) estimates of P digestibility and availability were unlikely to be interchangeable and (2) phytase was effective in releasing much of the bound P in soya-bean meal.

Milk production from silage 1. The influence of an additive containing formaldehyde and formic acid on the response of lactating heifers and cows to supplementary protein

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
J. C. Tayler ◽  
S. R. Daley ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Matter Energy

ABSTRACT1. The primary growth and first regrowth of perennial ryegrass were preserved either without additive (NA), or with a mixture consisting of equal volumes of formic acid and formalin at 10·0 and 13·01/t fresh crop for primary growth and regrowth herbage respectively (35 g formaldehyde per kg crude protein) (FF). The silages were given ad libitum to 40 lactating British Friesian heifers and cows, with a supplement of either pelleted ground maize (104 g crude protein per kg dry matter) (LP) or pelleted ground maize and soya bean meal (254 g crude protein per kg dry matter) (HP), at 6·1 and 7·1 kg per head per day for heifers and cows respectively. The primary growth silage was given from weeks 4 to 14 and the regrowth from weeks 15 to 22 of lactation. The silages were supplemented with urea so that the dietary supply of rumen degradable protein exceeded 7·8g/MJ metabolizable energy.2. Silage FF had lower concentrations of both fermentation acids and ammonia-nitrogen than silage NA. The digestibility of the dry matter, energy and crude protein of the diet containing silage FF was significantly less than that of diets containing silage NA when cows were given primary growth material (P < 0·001). But silage treatment had no significant effect on the digestibility of cellulose. When cows were given regrowth silage, silage treatment had no significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter, energy and cellulose, but formic acid/formaldehyde reduced the digestibility of crude protein (P < 0·01). The inclusion of soya bean meal in the supplement significantly increased the digestibility of crude protein, dry matter and energy, but when cows were given the primary growth silage the effect on the digestibility of dry matter and energy was only apparent with silage NA.3. Cows and heifers given silage FF from primary growth consumed 160g/kg more dry matter than those given silage NA (P < 0·01). This effect was not apparent when the animals were given regrowth silage. The effect of formic acid/formaldehyde on the intake of digestible energy was not significant in either period on the trial, but the inclusion of soya bean meal in the pellet significantly increased the intake of digestible energy (P < 0·01).4. Cows and heifers given silage FF from primary growth produced 90g/kg more milk and 50g/kg more solids-corrected milk than those given silage NA, but the differences were not significant and these trends were not apparent when regrowth silage was given. An increase in the crude protein content of supplement increased the milk (P < 0·01) and protein yield (P < 0·05) of cows, but not heifers, when they were given primary growth silage. The effect was less when milk output was expressed in terms of solids-corrected milk since milk fat content tended to fall when cows were given the HP supplement. Treatments had no significant effect on live-weight change.5. It is suggested that the increases in milk output were mediated via changes in the supply of energy rather than of protein.

Nitrogen retention in growing lambs fed pelleted diets diluted with cereal straw

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 163-163
Author(s):  
C. Castrillo ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
J.A. Guada ◽  
M. Fondevilla
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

There is evidence that in growing lambs, net nitrogen requirements are affected by breed, sex, weight and level of feeding but little is known about the effect of dietary concentration. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the effect of feeding straw diluted diets on nitrogen retention in Rasa Aragonesa lambs from weaning to slaughter.Eight male lambs, 40-45 days old and 12.3 ± 0.47 kg live weight, were allocated to one of two pelleted diets containing 6 (C) or 23 (D) percent of barley straw and barley, soya bean meal and fish meal to give a crude protein content of 193 (C) and 186 (D) g/ kg dry matter. Both diets were fed ad libitum and nitrogen balances were carried out at 14, 21 and 29 kg live weight. For diet C at the last weight only the balance of two lambs was recorded.The results are shown in table 1. Although the digestible organic matter (DOM) content was higher (P ≤ 0.005) for diet C (690 g/kg DM) than for diet D (606 g/kg DM), DOM intake was not significantly affected by dietary dilution. Nitrogen retention was higher at the lowest live weight for both diets and decreased at each live weight with dietary dilution (P ≤ 0.005). No significant period x diet interaction was found.

A note on copper retention by pigs fed on various protein sources

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. O'Donovan ◽  
T. A. Spillane ◽  
J. F. O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Since, under Irish conditions, the source of protein used in pig rations often varies from one area to another, an experiment was conducted to determine the accumulation of copper in the tissues of pigs given the commonly-usedprotein sources in diets containing 250 ppm of supplemental copper. The protein sources compared were (a) white-fish meal (370 ppm Cu), (b) soya bean meal (17 ppm. Cu), (c) roller-dried skim milk (2 ppm Cu), and (d) a mixture of soya bean meal and meat and bone meal (5 ppm Cu) (Table 1). The minerals, vitamins and copper sulphate were premixed with about 5 kg. of barley and distributed over the total feed before mixing. The copper sulphate was sieved to remove coarse particles. Analyses of complete feed mixtures are shown in Table 1. As far as possible, the rations were balanced for crude protein, calcium and phosphorus.

Response of the african catfish Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822 to diets of comercially and locally formulated fish feed in relation to cost benefits

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
J.R. Solomon ◽  
I.A. Abawale
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The growth performance of catfish Clarias gariepinus using imported feeds and locally made feeds of the same crude protein were compared. C. gariepinus (mean weight 12.8g) juvenile were reared in cages for a period of 12 weeks on different feed. Two imported feeds (skretting and copens) were purchased and two local feeds (corresponding to treatment) were compounded to contain the same level of crude protein. Locally ingredients used are maize, fish meal, groundnut cake, soya bean meal, bone meal, lysine, methionine, premix, vegetable oil, salt but varying fish meal and soya bean meal as follows, treatment 1- (11.38% to 7.5%), treatment 2-(7.5% to 11.38%) respectively. The pelleted feeds were fed at the rate of 5% of the fish biomass. The growth response was assessed in terms of daily weight gain, relative weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, mortality and survival rate. The results showed that the two local feeds promoted positive growth, implying that the use of different levels fish meal and soya bean meal (11.38% and 7.5%) favoured culture of juvenile C. gariepinus.Key Words, Clarias gariepinus, diet, fish feed, formulation, growth

Soya bean meal, crystalline urea, and a urea, mineral and vitamin solution as nitrogen sources for lactating ewes given whole oats

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-305
Author(s):  
Jean M. Bass ◽  
G. Fishwick ◽  
J. J. Parkins
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crystalline Urea ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTFifty-one ewes with single lambs and 87 ewes suckling twin lambs (mean ewe live weight, 67 kg) were given a basal diet of 1·0kg hay and 1·0kg whole oats, providing approximately 16·7MJ metabolizable energy and lOOg digestible crude protein per day. Three supplements (A, B and C), providing an additional 45 g digestible crude protein, were compared. Supplement A consisted of 40 g of a fully-soluble liquid product (LS) containing urea, (equivalent to 1090g crude protein per kg), minerals and vitamins; B was 16g urea with solid minerals and vitamins; and C was 125g soya bean meal given in substitution for the same amount of whole oats plus solid minerals and vitamins. The growth rate to 6 weeks for single lambs (11 kg) was unaffected by treatment. For twin lambs the growth rates were 7·5kg (LS), 7·1kg (crystalline urea), 7·8kg (soya) and 6·4k g (unsupplemented) (s.e. of mean = 0·31 kg). Ewes with twin lambs given crystalline urea or LS lost more live weight (approximately 1·04kg) than those given soya (6·6kg) over the first 6 weeks of lactation. The maintenance of normal concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in the blood of ewes suggested that the low total intakes of approximately 4·1 g calcium and 4·7 g phosphorus by the ewes were not inadequate.

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