The care of the royal tombs in english cathedrals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the case of the effigy of King John at Worcester

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 365-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Church
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Duty Of Care ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
The Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Burden Of Caring ◽  
King John

AbstractThe medieval history of the celebrated tomb of King John at Worcester is now well known. The works of Charles Alfred Stothard at the beginning of the nineteenth century, of William St John Hope in the early years of the twentieth century, and that of Jane Martindale at the end of that century, are highlights along the road of our understanding of the royal effigy in its medieval context. But all the while this work of comprehension was going on, those who had a duty of care over the tomb were engaged in a battle to offload that responsibility. The authorities at Worcester were not alone in wondering who should carry the burden of caring for royal monuments in English cathedrals. As early as 1841, the question of the care of royal tombs in Westminster Abbey had come under Parliamentary scrutiny. The deans and chapters at Canterbury and at Gloucester also sought government subvention for the care of the royal tombs in their cathedrals. The history of this debate about the care of royal sepulchral monuments forms the wider framework for the main theme of this article, which is an examination in detail of the ways in which King John’s tomb at Worcester was treated between 1872 and 1930. It reveals a remarkable story in which a catalogue of disastrous decisions came to give us the tomb and effigy as we have them today. The article concludes with a short discussion of the introduction of the 1990 Care of Cathedrals Measure which established the structures that currently exist (with subsequent amendments) for the preservation of Anglican cathedral churches in use.

Disability and the History of Eugenics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rembis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Twenty First Century

Eugenics is central to the history of disability in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Recently, scholars in a number of disciplines have debated whether the biopolitical regime that emerged in the waning decades of the twentieth century can be called “eugenic.” Some scholars claim that although distinctions can be made between an “old” eugenics (1860s–1950s) and a “new” eugenics (1960s–present), the basic tenets of eugenics have endured. Other scholars, Nikolas Rose being the most prominent among them, assert that the biopolitics at the turn of the twenty-first century is significantly different from the “old” eugenics and must be analyzed on its own terms. The question of whether one can write a “long” history of eugenics has animated a lively debate among historians. When viewed through the lens of disability, important continuities emerge between the history of eugenics and the current biopolitical regime.

scholarly journals Dialogical elements in Harris, Dewey, Cutter, Otlet, Kaiser, and Ranganathan: Theoretical convergences in the history of Knowledge Organization

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-362
Author(s):  
Rodrigo de SALES ◽  
Daniel MARTÍNEZ-ÁVILA ◽  
José Augusto GUIMARÃES
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Knowledge Organization ◽  
Methodological Development ◽  
History Of Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Descriptive Approach

Abstract In this paper, we study the theoretical intersections and dialogues between some foundational authors on classification and indexing of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that helped developing the theoretical-methodological framework of knowledge organization. More specifically, we highlight and analyze the theoretical convergences of Harris, Dewey, Cutter, Otlet, Kaiser, and Ranganathan as they can provide a clearer picture of the historical and theoretical contributions to the epistemological foundations of knowledge organization. Our methodology follows a critical-descriptive approach to the analysis of the main contributions of the authors and the critical reflections of some specialists and biographers. We continue with a discussion of the links between bibliographic classifications and knowledge organization drawing on the ideas of Bliss; then, we divide our historical narrative between the theoretical contributions during the nineteenth-century (Harris, Dewey, and Cutter) and the twentieth century (Otlet, Kaiser, and Ranganathan); and finally, we present a discussion of the history of knowledge organization from the point of view of the theoretical and methodological development of classification and indexing at the turn of the nineteenth century to the twentieth century. We conclude with some remarks on their main contributions to the development of the knowledge organization field.

The Long Space Age

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Private Funding ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Human Spaceflight ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of

The early years of the twenty-first century have seen the rise to prominence of private-sector American spaceflight. The result is a new phase of space development—one where human spaceflight is no longer the exclusive domain of governments, but an activity increasingly driven by the interests and motivations of individuals and corporations. In order to understand this phenomenon, we need to examine the long-run economic history of American space exploration. This book examines three critical phases of that history. The first phase is the financing and construction of American astronomical observatories from Colonial America to the middle of the twentieth century. The second is the career of Robert Goddard, the American father of liquid-fuel rocketry, whose efforts constituted the world’s first spaceflight development program. The third is the American political history of the Cold War ‘Space Race’ and subsequent NASA human spaceflight initiatives in the twentieth century. Examining these episodes from an economic perspective results in a new view of American space exploration—one where personal initiative and private funding have been dominant long-run trends, where the demand for impressive public signals has funded large space exploration projects across two centuries, and where government leadership in the field is a relatively recent phenomenon.

Reporting on the museum: the annual reports of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. SWINNEY
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

The production, in the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century, of the annual reports of the government-funded museum in Edinburgh in several different formats has led to problems in citing these documents in bibliographies. A brief history of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art and its method of accountability from its foundation in 1854 to 1905 (the period during which it was administered by the Department of Science and Art and the years immediately following the handover to the Committee of the Council on Education in Scotland) is presented along with a concordance table for the different forms of the reports.

Tito's Secret Empire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Klinger ◽  
Denis Kuljis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
First Time

This groundbreaking biography of Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia presents many startling new revelations, among them his role as an international revolutionary leader and his relationship with Winston Churchill. It highlights his early years as a Comintern operative, the context for his later politics as a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The authors argue that in the 1940s, between the dissolution of the Comintern and the rise of NAM, Tito's influence and ambition were far wider than has been understood, extending to Italy, France, Greece and Spain via the international communist networks established during the Spanish Civil War. The book discloses for the first time the connection between Tito's expulsion from the Cominform and the Rome assassination attempt on the Italian Communist Party leader, Palmiro Togliatti — the man who had plotted to overthrow Tito. The book offers a pivotal contribution to our understanding of Tito as a figure of real, rather than imagined, global significance. The book will reward those who are interested in the history of international Communism, the Cold War and the Non-Aligned Movement, or in Tito the man — one of the most significant leaders of the twentieth century.

IMAGE OF THE UKRAINIAN EMIGRANT IN THE SMALL PROSE OF VOLODYMYR BIRCHAK

2019 ◽  
pp. 267-271
Author(s):  
Snizhana Novak
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Native Land ◽  
The Road ◽  
Everyday Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liberation Struggle ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Creation

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the formation of V. Birchak a collective image of a nationally conscious Ukrainian-emigrant, endowed with many virtues and disadvantages, forced to overcome the challenges of the emigrant fate. Considered the writer’s understanding of the events of the life of Ukrainian emigration after the defeat of the national liberation struggles of 1918 – 1920, in which the prose writer also participated directly, because of which he also lived and worked on emigration. Volodymyr Birchak (1881– 1952) is one of the founders of the Lviv Modernist literary group Young Muse (1906 – 1014), a Galician, a writer-pedagogue who directly participated in the national liberation struggle of Ukrainians from 1918 to 1920, and after the defeat was forced was to emigrate to Transcarpathia, which then belonged to Czechoslovakia. The writer’s close and understandable were the experiences and wandering of Ukrainian emigrants who sought salvation from the Moscow invasion beyond their native land without livelihood, without the possibility of obtaining citizenship, finding a job, adapting to life without the glow of enemy bullets. The article deals with the collection of stories “The Golden Violin” (1937) and the story “The Emigrant” (1941), which was not included in the collections. The composite-organizing components of many of these stories are trials that fell to the fate of the heroes. The motive of the road, present in the small prose of V. Birchak of the 20’s and 40’s of the twentieth century, is a motive of emigrant hardships, searching for himself in a new, non-hostile world. All the prose works of V. Birchak confirm his views on the important role in the history of the state creation of each strong person, and not the crowd. The author in many of his stories skillfully depicts the customization of emigre heroes under the inadequate claims that seem to be invented deliberately to mock exiles from Ukraine: as a rule, educated, intelligent, educated, patient in the experience of difficulties, able to adapt and continuously teach something new , responsible and decent in the relationship with the environment. They do not have excessive pride, do not show self-defeatism, do not declare their exclusiveness, as former fighters for the freedom of Ukraine. They also do not squeal, but engage in everyday work to survive until the time comes again to take up arms and win. Survive in difficulty, poverty, humiliation of their dignity helps optimism.

Two Concepts of Un-Americanism

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEX GOODALL
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Status Politics ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Using the Congressional record, press articles and the extensive literature on the theme of Americanism published in the early decades of the twentieth century, this article seeks to offer a new approach to the history of the idea of “un-Americanism” in the early years of the twentieth century, particularly in the period between the First World War and the Great Depression. It argues that a key distinction may be drawn between a procedural or “negative” concept of un-Americanism, in which the enemy is defined as the person who refuses to accept the liberal political order and therefore exempts themselves from the privileges of citizenship, and a “positive” definition of un-Americanism based on identity and status politics, in which the un-American is seen as the person who fails to meet the criteria for membership in the mythic community from which the modern nation is assumed to have been founded – usually defined in racial, ethnic and gendered terms; through religious affiliation; or by assertions of culture and character. The history of un-Americanism should therefore be understood principally in terms of the contestations that developed between these two concepts rather than as the evolution of a singular concept and shared understanding of its meaning.

Environmental intervention and water resource management in the history of the Mezzogiorno

Modern Italy ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Bevilacqua
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Early Years ◽  
State Control ◽  
Environmental Intervention ◽  
The South ◽  
History Of

SummaryThis article shows how the discovery of electrical energy that could be transmitted and used in industry triggered a huge effort to take advantage of Southern Italy's water resources and improve its natural environment. In the early years of the twentieth century, primarily through the initiative of Francesco Saverio Nitti, the great statesman and environmental expert, the rivers and forests of the South became an object of particular attention in that they were to be the central element in conservation measures whose aim was to produce cheap electricity, but which also necessarily involved reforestation, state control of forestry, the embankment of rivers and other changes. For southern reformers such plans were envisaged as the way to launch industrialization in the South.

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