Disability and the History of Eugenics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rembis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Twenty First Century

Eugenics is central to the history of disability in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Recently, scholars in a number of disciplines have debated whether the biopolitical regime that emerged in the waning decades of the twentieth century can be called “eugenic.” Some scholars claim that although distinctions can be made between an “old” eugenics (1860s–1950s) and a “new” eugenics (1960s–present), the basic tenets of eugenics have endured. Other scholars, Nikolas Rose being the most prominent among them, assert that the biopolitics at the turn of the twenty-first century is significantly different from the “old” eugenics and must be analyzed on its own terms. The question of whether one can write a “long” history of eugenics has animated a lively debate among historians. When viewed through the lens of disability, important continuities emerge between the history of eugenics and the current biopolitical regime.

Marry Me?

Love, Inc. ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 83-112
Author(s):  
Laurie Essig
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Real Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Diamond Ring

Getting engaged now requires more emotional and financial resources than ever before. Here Essig traces the history of engagements from the birth of companionate marriages in the nineteenth century to the invention of rituals like the bended knee and fetish items like the diamond ring in the early twentieth century. But the real change happened at the beginning of the twenty-first century, as engagements became “spectacular,” requiring not just highly staged events but also highly produced videos and images that could then be disseminated to the larger world.

scholarly journals Avatars de Raphaël Hythlodée, ou l'influence de l'Utopie de Thomas More dans le roman portugais contemporain

Moreana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (Number 209) (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
José Eduardo Reis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
First Century ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Representative Work ◽  
The Ideal

The history of the literary reception of Thomas More's Utopia in Portugal has been a tale of omissions, censorships and deferred translations that highlight a flaw within the Portuguese cultural system. Indeed, it is somewhat ironic that such a representative work of both Western literature and thought, historically associated with the opening of the world's geographical horizons, and which ascribed to a Portuguese sailor, Raphael Hythloday, the discovery of an ideal place, was first translated into Portuguese only in the second half of the twentieth century. However, the first decade of the twenty-first century seems to bode a more auspicious literary fortune for More's Utopia within the Portuguese literary idiom: not only has an edition of More's work finally been translated from the original Latin, but also two novels were published in 2004, A lenda de Martim Regos, by Pedro Canais, and Rafael, by Manuel Alegre. In the context of both books' plots, they rewrite the complex traits of the character of the Portuguese sailor and discoverer of the ideal island. The same reinvention of the character of Raphael had already been attempted, in 1998, by José V. de Pina Martins in his long dialogic Morean narrative, Utopia III. In this essay, I will focus both on the documental sources related to Portuguese culture that are at the root of More's Utopia and on some relevant aspects of the reception of the character of Raphael Hythloday within the aforementioned novels.

Women, Gender, and Sexuality in Latina/o Culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-174
Author(s):  
Alicia Arrizón
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
First Century ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Gender And Sexuality Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gender Power ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Methodological Considerations

This article begins delving into the intersectionality of the conceptual knowledge embedded in the terms “women,” “gender,” and “sexuality.” The evolution of these three concepts has transformed the field of women, gender, and sexuality studies. While drawing on feminist and interdisciplinary methods to center on women’s issues, the field examines constructs of gender power relations, systems of oppression, and privilege. Students and scholars in the field examine these concepts as they intersect with other identities and social sites such as race, sexual orientation, inequality, class, and disability. The article begins with a general examination of the epistemological inquires considered in the title. It then traces the interdisciplinarity of women’s studies and feminist theory while contextualizing Latina feminism within Third World feminisms as conceptualized in the twentieth century. The article also argues that in Latina/o culture, the epistemology of these terms is reinforced by the power of heterosexuality, patriarchy, and the ramifications of colonial history. In this framework, the article examines the dichotomy of marianismo and machismo as markers of the legacy of colonialism. In what contexts this legacy influences Latina feminist discourses and views in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries? What type of genealogies have been fundamental in tracing the colonial history of Latina/American feminism across borders? What kinds of methodological considerations for studying sexuality, and non-conforming gendering processes in Latina/o/Latinx culture in the twenty-first century are currently relevant? Are Latinas becoming more visible and influential in the twenty-first century? These inquiries are considered important for engaging with contemporary issues in Latino/a studies.

scholarly journals Making the Most of Capital in the Twenty-First Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Lindert
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Political Responses ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstracts Thomas Piketty’s monumental Capital in the Twenty-First Century has transported us to a higher understanding of the historical evolution of inequality. This essay attempts to inventory the different avenues of research, more or less promising, that scholars might usefully pursue when building on his work. The most important path to follow is the history of inequalities in income that Piketty and his team have flagged up so well, supported by the book’s history of the great shocks of the twentieth century and the political responses that they elicited. Less promising is the book’s emphasis on wealth, capital, and the rate of return. The best predictions of future inequality can be achieved by merging Piketty and his team’s history of those who hold the top 10 percent of income with works dedicated to the history of inequality within the lower 90 percent. It is also necessary to integrate other scholarship that has demonstrated that the sort of democratic system Piketty calls for would have positive effects on growth.

scholarly journals The rise and fall of dietetics and of nutrition science, 4000 BCE–2000 CE

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (6a) ◽  
pp. 701-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Nutrition Science ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractObjectiveTo outline the history of dietetics since its beginnings in recorded history, and of nutrition science in its first phase beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and then its second phase in the second half of the twentieth century.MethodThree narrative overviews: of dietetics from its beginnings until after the end of the mediaeval and then Renaissance periods in Europe; of nutrition science in its first phase from its beginnings in the mid-nineteenth century until the middle of the twentieth century, with reasons for its rise; and of nutrition science in its second phase in the second half of the twentieth century, with reasons for its decline.ConclusionsIn its third phase in the twenty-first century, the new nutrition science should regain much of the vision and scope of its preceding disciplines.

Paradise Lost in Dutch, 1728–2003

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Frans van Dijkhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Paradise Lost ◽  
First Century ◽  
Religious Dimension ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Verse Form ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter offers a history of Dutch translations of Paradise Lost, from the early eighteenth to the early twenty-first century. The focus is on the question of how Dutch translators have grappled with two issues: the epic’s verse form, especially its lack of rhyme and syntactic idiosyncrasies; and its politico-religious dimension, its complex view of the relationship between earthly and divine authority, as well as its anti-predestinarian stance. The history of Paradise Lost in Dutch, which starts with the translation of Van Zanten in 1728, is characterized by an unresolved formal struggle with Milton’s blank verse, embraced unreservedly only in the early twentieth century, with translator Gutteling. Before 1900, the politico-religious dimension of Paradise Lost was at the fore for translators, yet this aspect of the poem has receded in prominence, with translators after 1900 presenting the poem instead as a timeless and self-contained work of literary genius.

scholarly journals “Disgusting Details Which Are Best Forgotten”: Disclosures of Child Sexual Abuse in Twentieth-Century Britain

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Delap
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Politics ◽  
First Century ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Sexual Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractFor those who by the end of the twentieth century came to be termed “survivors” of child sexual abuse, different genres and forms have been available to narrate and evaluate that abuse. This article explores the reception and practical results of such disclosures: the unpredictable effects of telling, and the strategies of containment, silencing, or disbelief that greeted disclosures. I make note of the ethical challenges of writing the history of child sexual abuse and conclude that twenty-first-century observers have been too ready to perceive much of the previous century as a period of profound silence in relation to child sexual abuse. At the same time, historical and sociological accounts have also been too ready to claim the final third of the twentieth century as a period of compulsive disclosure and fluency in constructing sexual selves. The history of child sexual abuse reveals significant barriers to disclosure in the 1970s and 1980s, despite new visibility of child sexual abuse in the media and through feminist sexual politics. Attention to such obstacles suggests the need to rethink narratives of “permissive” sexual change to acknowledge more fully the ongoing inequities and hierarchies in sexual candor and voice.

Culture Chronology and Change

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
R. Lee Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
First Century ◽  
American People ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Native North American ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
Twenty First Century

Archaeology emerged as part of the general discipline of anthropology in North America, the overall focus of which for the first five or six decades of the twentieth century was to write the history of the culture of each group of native North American people. The goal of writing a culture’s history could only be accomplished by placing artifacts in a chronological sequence, which demanded a chronometer. It was not always possible to refer to stratigraphic superposition, so various techniques of seriation—arranging artifacts based on their formal attributes in what was believed to be a chronological order—were invented and used. The results of the seriation techniques and stratigraphic superposition studies were initially summarized in tables of artifact frequencies but eventually were graphed in several ways. Interest in culture chronology and change among North American archaeologists has extended throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century.

The Return of the Spectre: Gothic Marxism in The City & The City

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-208
Author(s):  
Andrew Rowcroft
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Alain Badiou ◽  
Explanatory Framework ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Radical Left

This article argues for China Miéville's The City & The City (2009) as a gothic Marxist fiction that articulates new modalities of communist expression which productively ‘haunt’ the work of the ‘Idea of Communism’ conferences. Firstly, the essay establishes a relationship between Marx and the gothic tradition, showing how Marx has long been concerned with the gothic mode as a vital explanatory framework for representing capital. Secondly, the essay enacts a comparative presentation between Miéville's novel and the recent contributions of communist intellectual Alain Badiou. Through this process, Miéville's novel becomes a powerful symbolic engagement with selected aspects of twenty-first century communism, unearthing new and productive relations with radical left thought while refusing to fully banish, conquer, or forget the history of the twentieth-century effort.

scholarly journals Taking the Discipline of Law Seriously: Twining, Arthurs, and Histories of Academic Lawyers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Susan Bartie
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Disciplinary Boundaries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century

In 2019, William Twining and Harry Arthurs, academic lawyers whose careers peaked during the second half of the twentieth century, published memoirs revealing the central motivations and forces underlying their intellectual endeavor. Their books are a source of great nourishment, provoking readers to think deeply about the central challenges of the discipline of law and what might be done to bring it closer to realizing its full potential. They also reveal what it was like to be a leading academic who pushed disciplinary boundaries, challenging central disciplinary norms repeatedly, over many decades, while the universities and societies surrounding them grew in size and enjoyed increased prosperity and while academics—legal and otherwise—were cast in changing lights. During this time, writing and teaching about the nature and purposes of law moved from the desks of a few well-known figures into the hands of an increasingly diverse mass. This review considers and compares the contributions of these memoirs to the history of legal scholars. It also examines the relevance of each book to their primary readership: twenty-first century academic lawyers.

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