The Ancient Cultivation of Hemp

Antiquity ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 41 (161) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Godwin
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Economic Plant ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Pollen Diagram ◽  
Indian Hemp ◽  
History Of ◽  
Archaeological Knowledge

The discovery in a long pollen diagram from East Anglia of a substantial curve for a pollen-grain referable to Cannabis sativa, L., the Indian hemp, raised the hope that we might, through palynology, have the means of tracing the history of cultivation of this important and sinister economic plant in England and in Western Europe. It was clearly essential that pollen-analytic evidence should be related fully to existing historical and archaeological knowledge, and aided by a notice in this journal (ANTIQUITY, 1964, 287), and by the notable kindness of a great many academic colleagues, I have put together a condensed historical account of the plant in antiquity as preface to a description of the pollen-analytic data.

scholarly journals Studies of the post-glacial history of British vegetation I. Origin and stratigraphy of Fenland deposits near Wooldwalton, Hunts II. Origin and stratigraphy of deposits in southern Fenland

1938 ◽  
Vol 229 (562) ◽  
pp. 323-406 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Glacial History ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Glacial Deposits ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Marine Transgression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similar Character ◽  
Peat Stratigraphy

The fenland basin of East Anglia is a shallow depression centred round the Wash and filled with extensive post-glacial deposits of peat or of estuarine silt and clay. The alternation of these deposits, and changes in their character, are the record of a complex history of climatic alteration, marine transgression and regression, and of vegetational evolution. The Fenland Research Committee, founded in 1932, has for its object the elucidation of this history, which is of importance not only intrinsically, but in relation also to the post-glacial history of the adjoining margin of western Europe, to the history of human settlement in Britain, and to the theory of peat stratigraphy and vegetational history in this country. Results of intensive investigations at fenland sites of particular archaeological interest have already been published: they represent the correlated research of specialists in several sciences. The first paper dealing principally with peat stratigraphy and vegetational history was that of the present authors on the deposits at Wood Fen, near Ely (H. and M. E. Godwin and M. H. Clifford 1935). They now report the results of more extensive observations of similar character in another portion of the fenland basin where the deposits have a wider range of character and of age.

Pollen analyses of the cromer forest bed series in east anglia with an appendix on the non-marine mollusca

1963 ◽  
Vol 246 (729) ◽  
pp. 149-202 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oak Forest ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Pollen Diagram ◽  
Arboreal Pollen ◽  
Drainage Channels ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High

The deposits which have been analyzed lie on the coast between West Runton and Corton. No single pollen diagram shows the complete vegetational history of the period during which the Cromer Forest Bed Series was laid down, but, when considered together, the diagrams show evidence of a sequence which has been divided tentatively into three zones. The first of these (zone a) shows a predominance of Betula and then Pirns ; pollen of other trees is either absent or insignificant, and the non-arboreal pollen values are very high in the early part of the zone. Alnus is strongly represented throughout zone b, which shows the rise and subsequent decline of mixed-oak forest trees and a similar but later change in Picea . The mixed-oak forest trees disappear in zone c, Alnus and Picea decrease and probably disappear and Betula and Pinus return to dominance. It is possible that these three zones represent a sequence in time; if so, the changes reflect a climatic change from cool or cold conditions through a warm period to increasing cold. The pollen zones could not be related satisfactorily to the divisions of the Cromer Forest Bed Series which were established by Clement Reid. The vegetational zones of the Cromer Forest Bed Series are compared with those of other deposits which are believed to be of the same age or to belong to subsequent interglacials. It appears that the Cromerian diagrams have a number of features in common which may be used to distinguish them from diagrams referred to deposits of other interglacials. The non-marine molluscs found in the Cromer Forest Bed Series at West Runton are listed by Mr B. W. Sparks, who considers that they indicate the formation of that part of the deposit in a marsh cut by sluggish drainage channels.

History of the Modern Music of Western Europe

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Georg Kiesewetter ◽  
Robert Muller
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Modern Music ◽  
History Of

A history of botanical collections in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
P.S.M. PHIRI ◽  
D.M. MOORE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

Central Africa remained botanically unknown to the outside world up to the end of the eighteenth century. This paper provides a historical account of plant explorations in the Luangwa Valley. The first plant specimens were collected in 1897 and the last serious botanical explorations were made in 1993. During this period there have been 58 plant collectors in the Luangwa Valley with peak activity recorded in the 1960s. In 1989 1,348 species of vascular plants were described in the Luangwa Valley. More botanical collecting is needed with a view to finding new plant taxa, and also to provide a satisfactory basis for applied disciplines such as ecology, phytogeography, conservation and environmental impact assessment.

THE HISTORY OF CATHOLICISM IN BASHKORTOSTAN: A BRIEF HISTORIOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
F.A. KRYZHANOVSKY ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
General Nature ◽  
South Urals ◽  
The South ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
History Of

The article examines the main publications covering the centuries-old history of the Catholic Church in the lands of modern Bashkortostan, as well as partly affecting the interaction of local Catholic communities with coreligionists from other cities located in the South Urals, as well as in the Middle Volga region. Unfortunately, there are quite a few special studies on the history of this Christian denomination in our republic. Many works, in one way or another related to this issue, are of a general nature and contain a schematic listing of factual information, or are more devoted to the history of national communities, for which this religion is, to a certain extent, one of the most important elements of traditional ethnic culture. Here it is necessary to note, first of all, publications on the history of the Polish and German diaspora, which provide information about the participation of representatives of these communities in the creation of Catholic parishes and public associations associated with charity and education. At the same time, the significance of the confessional aspect is to a much lesser extent revealed in works on the history of Latvian immigrants from Latgale, Belarusians and Ukrainians from Volyn and Eastern Galicia, who, due to various circumstances, left their homes during the First World War, as well as other Catholic emigrants from Central and Western Europe, located in the Ufa province at the beginning of the XX century. In some articles on demography and striking features of social stratification, one can find indirect references to the presence of Catholics, but this information only It is noteworthy that most publications indicate the middle of the 17th century as the earliest dating of the appearance of believing Catholics in the South Urals, and evidence of missionary trips to the Eastern Hungarians during the 13th-15th centuries allows us to make hypothetical assumptions about their role in the life of the local religious community. It can be noted that the presence of a certain part of Catholics on the territory of Bashkiria during the 16th20th centuries. was associated with forced migration due to the fact that, as a result of military clashes, some of them were captured, as well as due to participation in activities that conflicted with the interests of the Russian leadership are considered, with a few exceptions, only in the context of the problem of the origin of the Bashkir people, most likely due to the modest results of the preaching.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildar Garipzanov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Sources Of Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Periods

The concluding chapter highlights how the cultural history of graphic signs of authority in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages encapsulated the profound transformation of political culture in the Mediterranean and Europe from approximately the fourth to ninth centuries. It also reflects on the transcendent sources of authority in these historical periods, and the role of graphic signs in highlighting this connection. Finally, it warns that, despite the apparent dominant role of the sign of the cross and cruciform graphic devices in providing access to transcendent protection and support in ninth-century Western Europe, some people could still employ alternative graphic signs deriving from older occult traditions in their recourse to transcendent powers.

scholarly journals Direct dating reveals the early history of opium poppy in western Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Salavert ◽  
Antoine Zazzo ◽  
Lucie Martin ◽  
Ferran Antolín ◽  
Caroline Gauthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Western Alps ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Macrobotanical Remains ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology ◽  
Botanical Remains

AbstractThis paper aims to define the first chrono-cultural framework on the domestication and early diffusion of the opium poppy using small-sized botanical remains from archaeological sites, opening the way to directly date minute short-lived botanical samples. We produced the initial set of radiocarbon dates directly from the opium poppy remains of eleven Neolithic sites (5900–3500 cal BCE) in the central and western Mediterranean, northwestern temperate Europe, and the western Alps. When possible, we also dated the macrobotanical remains originating from the same sediment sample. In total, 22 samples were taken into account, including 12 dates directly obtained from opium poppy remains. The radiocarbon chronology ranges from 5622 to 4050 cal BCE. The results show that opium poppy is present from at least the middle of the sixth millennium in the Mediterranean, where it possibly grew naturally and was cultivated by pioneer Neolithic communities. Its dispersal outside of its native area was early, being found west of the Rhine in 5300–5200 cal BCE. It was introduced to the western Alps around 5000–4800 cal BCE, becoming widespread from the second half of the fifth millennium. This research evidences different rhythms in the introduction of opium poppy in western Europe.

The Agrarian History of Western Europe A. D. 500-1850.

1964 ◽  
Vol 74 (294) ◽  
pp. 486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Miller ◽  
B. H. Slicher Van Bath
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals The Past, Present and Future of Cannabis sativa Tissue Culture

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Adrian S. Monthony ◽  
Serena R. Page ◽  
Mohsen Hesami ◽  
Andrew Maxwell P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Drug Type

The recent legalization of Cannabis sativa L. in many regions has revealed a need for effective propagation and biotechnologies for the species. Micropropagation affords researchers and producers methods to rapidly propagate insect-/disease-/virus-free clonal plants and store germplasm and forms the basis for other biotechnologies. Despite this need, research in the area is limited due to the long history of prohibitions and restrictions. Existing literature has multiple limitations: many publications use hemp as a proxy for drug-type Cannabis when it is well established that there is significant genotype specificity; studies using drug-type cultivars are predominantly optimized using a single cultivar; most protocols have not been replicated by independent groups, and some attempts demonstrate a lack of reproducibility across genotypes. Due to culture decline and other problems, the multiplication phase of micropropagation (Stage 2) has not been fully developed in many reports. This review will provide a brief background on the history and botany of Cannabis as well as a comprehensive and critical summary of Cannabis tissue culture. Special attention will be paid to current challenges faced by researchers, the limitations of existing Cannabis micropropagation studies, and recent developments and future directions of Cannabis tissue culture technologies.

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