‘Sexual chemistry’ before the Pill: science, industry and chemical contraceptives, 1920–1960

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
ILANA LÖWY
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Marginal Status ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Pharmaceutical Laboratories

AbstractThe history of contraceptives met the history of drugs long before the invention of the contraceptive pill. In the first half of the twentieth century, numerous pharmaceutical laboratories, including major ones, manufactured and marketed chemical contraceptives: jellies, suppositories, creams, powders and foams applied locally to prevent conception. Efforts to put an end to the marginal status of these products and to transform them into ‘ethical’ drugs played an important role in the development of standardized laboratory tests of efficacy of contraceptive preparations; debates on the validity of such tests; evaluation of the long-term toxicity of chemical compounds; and the rise of collaborations between activists, non-profit organizations and the pharmaceutical industry. Chemical contraceptives were initially associated with quack medicine, shady commercial practices and doubtful morality. Striving to change the status of contraceptives and to promote safe and efficient products that reduced fertility in humans shaped some of the key features of the present-day production and regulation of pharmaceuticals.

scholarly journals Evaluating and Differentiating Ankle Instability

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip A. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Chronic Ankle Instability ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Lateral Ankle ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ankle Complex

Given the prevalence of lateral ankle sprains during physical activity and the high rate of reinjury and chronic ankle instability, clinicians should be cognizant of the need to expand the evaluation of ankle instability beyond the acute time point. Physical assessments of the injured ankle should be similar, regardless of whether this is the initial lateral ankle sprain or the patient has experienced multiple sprains. To this point, a thorough injury history of the affected ankle provides important information during the clinical examination. The physical examination should assess the talocrural and subtalar joints, and clinicians should be aware of efficacious diagnostic tools that provide information about the status of injured structures. As patients progress into the subacute and return-to-activity phases after injury, comprehensive assessments of lateral ankle-complex instability will identify any disease and patient-oriented outcome deficits that resemble chronic ankle instability, which should be addressed with appropriate interventions to minimize the risk of developing long-term, recurrent ankle instability.

The limits of comparison: institutional mortality rates, long-term confinement and causes of death during the early twentieth century

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waltraud Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Modern World ◽  
British India ◽  
Psychiatric Institution ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Material

This article presents a case study of institutional trends in a psychiatric institution in British India during the early twentieth century. It focuses on mortality statistics and long-term confinement rates as well as causes of death. The intention is two-fold: first, to provide new material that potentially lends itself to comparison with the few existing institutional case studies that have explored this particular period; second, to highlight some of the problems inherent in the status of the statistics and the conceptual categories used, and to consider the challenges these pose for any intended comparative and transnational assessment. Furthermore, it is suggested that historians working on the history of western institutions ought to look beyond the confining rim of Eurocentric self-containment and relate their research to other institutions around the world. It is important for social historians to abstain from uncritically reproducing hegemonic histories of the modern world in which western cultures and nations are posited by default as the centre or metropolis and the rest as peripheries whose social and scientific developments may be seen to be of exotic interest, but merely derivative and peripheral.

The Great Kod of Pulu: Mutual Historical Emergence of Ceremonial Sites and Social Groups in Torres Strait, Northeast Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J. McNiven ◽  
Bruno David ◽  
Goemulgau Kod ◽  
Judith Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
The Status ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Torres Strait

Communal ceremonial sites and social groups often share mutually reinforcing and structuring properties. As a result of this dynamic relationship, ceremonial sites and social groups exhibit ever-emergent properties as long-term works-in-progress. Ceremonial kod sites featuring shrines of trumpet shells and dugong bones were central to the communal ritual life of Torres Strait Islanders. Continuously formed over the generations by ritual additions, these shrines were linked to ongoing maintenance, legitimization and cohesion of totemic clans and moieties that formed the structural basis of island communities. As such, understanding the history of kod sites provides an opportunity to investigate the historical emergence of ethnographically-known social groups in Torres Strait. This mutual emergence is investigated archaeologically at the kod on Pulu islet which is owned and operated by the Goemulgal people of nearby Mabuyag island. Multiple radiocarbon dates from shell and bone shrines and an underlying village midden indicate that the kod, and by association the Goemulgal and their totemic clan and moiety system, emerged over the past 400 years. Aided by local oral history and ethnography, it is argued further that establishment of the kod saw the status of Pulu change from a residential to a ceremonial and sacred place.

scholarly journals The Ancient Tree Inventory: a summary of the results of a 15 year citizen science project recording ancient, veteran and notable trees across the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 3103-3129
Author(s):  
Victoria Nolan ◽  
Tom Reader ◽  
Francis Gilbert ◽  
Nick Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Tree Inventory ◽  
Recording Process ◽  
Recording Project ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Citizen Science Project

Abstract Ancient, veteran and notable trees are ecologically important keystone organisms and have tangible connections to folklore, history and sociocultural practices. Although found worldwide, few countries have such a rich history of recording and treasuring these trees as the UK, with its extensive Royal and aristocratic land ownership, unique land management methods and long-standing interest in natural history and species record collecting. As a result, the UK has collated an extensive database of ancient, veteran and notable trees called the Ancient Tree Inventory (ATI). The ATI is the result of a successful, long-term citizen science recording project and is the most comprehensive database of ancient and other noteworthy trees to date. We present here the first review of the ATI in its entirety since its initiation in 2004, including summaries of the UK ancient, veteran and notable tree distributions, the status and condition of the trees, and key information about the recording process and maintenance of the database. Statistical analysis of components of the dataset, comprising 169,967 tree records, suggest there are significant differences in the threats, size, form and location of different types of trees, especially in relation to taxonomic identity and tree age. Our goal is to highlight the value of the ATI in the UK, to encourage the development of similar ancient tree recording projects in other countries, and to emphasise the importance to conservation of continued efforts to maintain and expand databases of this kind.

The growth of rural madrasa

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicitas Becker
Keyword(s):  
Educational Practice ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Mission Schools ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Indirect Association ◽  
And Performance

In parallel with mosques, centres of Quranic education, known locally as madrasa, sprang up in the countryside between c.1920 and 1960. They were small, poor, and often transient; their one defining feature was the presence of a mwalimu, a teacher. Comparison of the parallel development of madrasa and mission schools makes clear that the main reason for this divergence was not resistance to Christian elements in the missionaries' syllabus, but to the perceived interference of mission teachers with the authority of students' families and with local religious practices. By contrast, madrasa tolerated these practices and were more closely integrated into the social networks of parents. The spread of madrasa and of mission schools involves three subtle long-term processes. Topics covered include educational practice and the status of knowledge, madrasa and mission schools, unyago, colonial politics and local networks, schools and madrasa as local institutions, madrasa as sites of encounter with Muslim knowledge, imagining Muslim scholarship, and performance and orality in Muslim education. In general, the history of madrasa emphasizes an indirect association between education and social control – the complex status of knowledge.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

2018 ◽  
pp. 321-342
Author(s):  
Gavin Clunie ◽  
Nick Wilkinson ◽  
Elena Nikiphorou ◽  
Deepak R. Jadon
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Macrophage Activation Syndrome ◽  
Musculoskeletal Condition ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
History Of ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Systemic Onset ◽  
Activation Syndrome

The presentation and natural history of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) differs from that of the adult inflammatory arthritides and this chapter describes the key features and differentials that need to be considered. In making a diagnosis, this chapter should be used in association with Part I of the Handbook. The chapter conveys information useful for explaining JIA to parents, national guidelines and other routine therapeutic practices, analysis of subtypes of JIA, and uveitis commonly associated with JIA. The description of systemic-onset JIA includes its differential and association with macrophage activation syndrome. As an archetypal long-term musculoskeletal condition, the key features of transition and age-appropriate care are also discussed here.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Concrete using Hawaiian Aggregates for Alkali Silica Reaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
Ian Robertson ◽  
Lin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Hawaiian Island ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Alkali Silica Reaction ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Concrete Aggregates ◽  
Concrete Mixtures ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
History Of

Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) occurs in concrete when the alkali hydroxides (Na+, K+ and OH-) from the cement react with unstable silica, SiO2, in some types of aggregate. The resulting gel will expand when it absorbs water, potentially leading to cracking and overall expansion of the concrete. Concrete aggregates available in Hawaii have not demonstrated a history of ASR, however, results of accelerated laboratory tests using ASTM C1260 indicated a potential for ASR with some aggregates. In order to assess the accuracy of the laboratory test results, a long-term field study of the potential for ASR in concretes made with Hawaiian aggregates was initiated in 2011. Forty concrete specimens were constructed of various concrete mixtures using aggregates from all Hawaiian aggregate sources, and some US mainland aggregates known to exhibit ASR expansion. The specimens are located in an open field site in Manoa valley on the Hawaiian Island of Oahu, exposed to relatively high humidity and frequent rainfall. A weather station at the site records the ambient conditions on a continual basis. This paper describes the field evaluation program and presents the results after six years of monitoring. Comparisons are made between the field observations and accelerated laboratory tests.

scholarly journals Conceptualizing the business corporation: insights from history

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-577
Author(s):  
David Gindis
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Law ◽  
Business Corporation ◽  
Corporate Power ◽  
Corporate Rights ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Economic Institution

AbstractThe purpose of this symposium is to shed light on the genealogy of the idea of a business corporation, an economic institution which has long been regarded with a mixture of awe and apprehension. Each of the four original contributions addresses the history of some of its key features. In the process, each contributor reveals some of the insights that history has to teach us regarding the central concepts that inform contemporary debates about the nature of the corporation, the contours of the corporation's purpose, the sources of corporate power, the functions of corporate law, the duties of directors, the status of shareholders, and the legitimacy of corporate rights.

scholarly journals Reassessment of an introduced cheetah Acinonyx jubatus population in Matusadona National Park, Zimbabwe

Oryx ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther van der Meer ◽  
Lara L. Sousa ◽  
Andrew J. Loveridge
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Carnivore Species ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict ◽  
Term Monitoring

Abstract Translocations are used to mitigate human–wildlife conflict, secure population viability of isolated populations and introduce or reintroduce populations in former or new range. With wild species increasingly confined to small patches of habitat embedded in human-dominated landscapes, the use of translocations is likely to increase. The cheetah Acinonyx jubatus is a large carnivore species with a long history of translocations. As for other species, evaluation of the success of cheetah translocations is complicated by a scarcity of published results, especially of failed attempts. Yet, such information is crucial to improve future translocations. A relatively well documented case is the translocation of alleged problem cheetahs into Matusadona National Park, Zimbabwe, in the early 1990s. In this study we used a combination of survey methods to reassess the status of Matusadona's cheetah population and model current occupancy in relation to densities of competing carnivores and altitude. Our findings indicate this cheetah population has effectively been extirpated, highlighting the importance of thorough planning and standardized long-term monitoring of translocated populations for the understanding of the factors that affect translocation success.

Records of settlement of the M5 motorway over the Somerset Levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 627-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cook ◽  
G. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Data File ◽  
Operative Field ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Secondary Compression ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
Complex Deposition

AbstractAn account is given of the secondary consolidation characteristics of recent alluvial deposits under the line of the M5 motor-way where it crosses the Somerset levels. It uses a group of 161 long term settlement records between East Clevedon and St George which were maintained after contract completion in 1973 as the instrumentation installed during construction had .predicted continued settlement. The records were combined with a data file of soils information from the same area compiled by the first author in 1984. The key features of secondary consolidation are reviewed as a guide to the analysis of the records, which are examined for statistical relationships between the measured rates of secondary compression and the operative field variables namely, the embankment loading, the depth of consolidating material and its light preconsolidation. Because of the complex deposition sequence it was only found possible to follow trends. These showed that secondary consolidation was most sensitive to the loading relative to the preconsolidation, or thresh-hold pressure. They also gave some indication of decreasing overall rates of secondary strain with increasing thickness of deposit. Laboratory tests significantly underestimated the field rates of secondary consolidation in all cases. It was reckoned that persistent low level vibrations from heavy traffie contribute to the variations, affecting the shallower layers by a greater amount.

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