scholarly journals Changes to the quantity and processing of starchy foods in a Western diet can increase polysaccharides escaping digestion and improvein vitrofermentation variables

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Birkett ◽  
John C. Mathers ◽  
Gwyn P. Jones ◽  
Karen Z. Walker ◽  
Melinda J. Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Starchy Foods

This study investigated how readily achievable changes to the quantity and processing of starchy foods in a typical Western diet: (1) were reflected in levels of resistant starch (RS) and NSP excreted from the small intestine; and (2) more favourable profiles of butyrate, NH3and phenol production. Two diets, a low-starch diet (LSD) and a high-starch, low-fat diet (HSLFD) were compared. The LSD with 20 % total energy (%E) from starch was based on a ‘typical’ Australian diet, while the HSLFD (40 %E as starch) was the same Australian diet modified by an increased content of legumes, starchy foods and coarsely-ground cereals and by a reduced fat content. Four subjects with iliostomies consumed each diet for 2 d, with ileal effluent collection on the second day. On the HSLFD compared with the LSD, RS in ileal effluent increased from from 0·49 to 1·7 g/MJ per d (P< 0·005) while ileal NSP excretion increased from 2·0 to 3·3 g/MJ per d (P< 0·05). Ileal effluents obtained after each diet were incubated for 24 hin vitrowith a human faecal innoculum. After fermentation, ileal effluent from the HSLFD produced more butyrate relative to other short-chain fatty acids (17·5v.15·8 molar %,P< 0·005) and less phenol (2·3v.5·7 mg/l,P< 0·05) and NH3(20·3v.23·1 mmol/l,P< 0·005) than the LSD diet. The HSLFD also generated a lower pH (6·15v.6·27,P< 0·05). On a wt/wt basis, RS was 2·3-fold higher in the HSLFD effluent while NSP did not increase, suggesting that the change in RS largely contributed to the fermentation effects. Changes inin vitrovariables when the HSLFD ileal effluent was ground before fermentation indicated the importance of physical structure in determining ileal excretion of RS. We conclude that: (1) readily achievable modifications to the amount and processing of starchy foods in an Australian diet would produce potential benefits forin vitrofermentation variables; and (2) the physical structure of grains and cereals is important in determining access by colonic bacteria to a carbohydrate substrate.

scholarly journals Enrichment of Food With Tannin Extracts Promotes Healthy Changes in the Human Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Molino ◽  
Alberto Lerma-Aguilera ◽  
Nuria Jiménez-Hernández ◽  
María José Gosalbes ◽  
José Ángel Rufián-Henares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wood Extracts ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Booster Effect

Food and food bioactive components are major drivers of modulation of the human gut microbiota. Tannin extracts consist of a mix of bioactive compounds, which are already exploited in the food industry for their chemical and sensorial properties. The aim of our study was to explore the viability of associations between tannin wood extracts of different origin and food as gut microbiota modulators. 16S rRNA amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to test the effects on the gut microbiota of tannin extracts from quebracho, chestnut, and tara associated with commercial food products with different composition in macronutrients. The different tannin-enriched and non-enriched foods were submitted to in vitro digestion and fermentation by the gut microbiota of healthy subjects. The profile of the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the microbiota was also investigated. The presence of tannin extracts in food promoted an increase of the relative abundance of the genus Akkermansia, recognized as a marker of a healthy gut, and of various members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families, involved in SCFA production. The enrichment of foods with tannin extracts had a booster effect on the production of SCFAs, without altering the profile given by the foods alone. These preliminary results suggest a positive modulation of the gut microbiota with potential benefits for human health through the enrichment of foods with tannin extracts.

scholarly journals Resistant Starch as Related to Companion Animal Nutrition

2004 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie K Spears ◽  
George C Fahey
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Companion Animal ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health

Abstract Companion animal dietsmay contain up to 50% starch, derived from cereal grains. The amount of resistant starch (RS) in an ingredient depends on the origin and form of the ingredient and on the processing conditions to which the ingredient has been exposed. Extrusion has proven to be a means of optimizing utilization of starch by companion animals. Although the RS fraction of starch typically decreases by extrusion, retrogradation can result in increased concentrations of this fraction. Limited research exists regarding the effects of RS in companion animal nutrition and gastrointestinal health. Existing in vitro and in vivo research indicates that certain RS sources are readily fermented in the large bowel, producing short-chain fatty acids, whereas others are less fermentable, resulting in excellent laxation properties. Feeding dogs a diet high in RS may result in an increase in fecal bulk due to an increased excretion of microbial matter in those cases where RS is highly fermentable, or to indigestibility of the RS source in other cases. RS has a role to play as a potential proxy for dietary fiber, especially for those companion animals fed diets high in protein and fat and devoid of traditional dietary fiber.

scholarly journals Dietary resistant starch upregulates total GLP-1 and PYY in a sustained day-long manner through fermentation in rodents

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (5) ◽  
pp. E1160-E1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
June Zhou ◽  
Roy J. Martin ◽  
Richard T. Tulley ◽  
Anne M. Raggio ◽  
Kathleen L. McCutcheon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Meal Effect ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Meal Ingestion

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are anti-diabetes/obesity hormones secreted from the gut after meal ingestion. We have shown that dietary-resistant starch (RS) increased GLP-1 and PYY secretion, but the mechanism remains unknown. RS is a fermentable fiber that lowers the glycemic index of the diet and liberates short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through fermentation in the gut. This study investigates the two possible mechanisms by which RS stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion: the effect of a meal or glycemic index, and the effect of fermentation. Because GLP-1 and PYY secretions are stimulated by nutrient availability in the gut, the timing of blood sample collections could influence the outcome when two diets with different glycemic indexes are compared. Thus we examined GLP-1 and PYY plasma levels at various time points over a 24-h period in RS-fed rats. In addition, we tested proglucagon (a precursor to GLP-1) and PYY gene expression patterns in specific areas of the gut of RS-fed rats and in an enteroendocrine cell line following exposure to SCFAs in vitro. Our findings are as follows. 1) RS stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion in a substantial day-long manner, independent of meal effect or changes in dietary glycemia. 2) Fermentation and the liberation of SCFAs in the lower gut are associated with increased proglucagon and PYY gene expression. 3) Glucose tolerance, an indicator of increased active forms of GLP-1 and PYY, was improved in RS-fed diabetic mice. We conclude that fermentation of RS is most likely the primary mechanism for increased endogenous secretions of total GLP-1 and PYY in rodents. Thus any factor that affects fermentation should be considered when dietary fermentable fiber is used to stimulate GLP-1 and PYY secretion.

scholarly journals Novel Autoimmune IgM Antibody Attenuates Atherosclerosis in IgM Deficient Low-Fat Diet–Fed, but Not Western Diet–Fed Apoe –/– Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga A. Cherepanova ◽  
Prasad Srikakulapu ◽  
Elizabeth S. Greene ◽  
Malay Chaklader ◽  
Ryan M. Haskins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Oxidized Ldl ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Igm Antibody ◽  
Low Fat Diet

Objective: Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), such as the oxidized derivatives of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, and 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, have been shown to be the principal biologically active components of minimally oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein). The role of OxPL in cardiovascular diseases is well recognized, including activation of inflammation within vascular cells. Atherosclerotic Apoe –/– mice fed a high-fat diet develop antibodies to OxPL, and hybridoma B-cell lines producing natural anti-OxPL autoantibodies have been successfully generated and characterized. However, as yet, no studies have been reported demonstrating that treatment with OxPL neutralizing antibodies can be used to prevent or reverse advanced atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: Here, using a screening against 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine/1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, we generated a novel IgM autoantibody, 10C12, from the spleens of Apoe –/– mice fed a long-term Western diet, that demonstrated potent OxPL neutralizing activity in vitro and the ability to inhibit macrophage accumulation within arteries of Apoe –/– mice fed a Western diet for 4 weeks. Of interest, 10C12 failed to inhibit atherosclerosis progression in Apoe –/– mice treated between 18 and 26 weeks of Western diet feeding likely due at least in part to high levels of endogenous anti-OxPL antibodies. However, 10C12 treatment caused a 40% decrease in lipid accumulation within aortas of secreted IgM deficient, sIgM –/– Apoe –/– , mice fed a low-fat diet, when the antibody was administrated between 32-40 weeks of age. Conclusions: Taken together, these results provide direct evidence showing that treatment with a single autoimmune anti-OxPL IgM antibody during advanced disease stages can have an atheroprotective outcome.

scholarly journals Measurement of resistant starch in vitro and in vivo

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans N. Englyst ◽  
Susan M. Kingman ◽  
Geoffrey J. Hudson ◽  
John H. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Human Small Intestine

The digestibility of the starch in plant foods is highly variable, and is dependent on a number of factors, including the physical structure of both the starch and the food matrix. An in vitro technique has been developed to categorize starch in plant foods according to its likely rate and extent of digestion in the human small intestine. The in vitro method provides values for rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch and resistant starch (RS). In the present study values for the RS content of foods, as measured by the analytical technique, were compared with the recovery of starch from these foods when fed to healthy ileostomates. Nine ileostomy subjects were given a polysaccharide-free diet with a breakfast supplement, on each of 2 d (two subjects) or 3 d (seven subjects), of biscuits made from wheat, potato or banana flours or from moist-heat-processed wheat or maize flours. RS intakes measured in vifro ranged from 8·5 to 15·0 g/d for the test biscuits, and mean starch recoveries in ileostomy effluent were 100·4 (n5, range 91−106)% of those values, but there was substantial variation between individuals. It is proposed that RS is defined as ‘the sum of starch and starch-degradation products that, on average, reach the human large intestine’. The analytical method for the measurement of RS in vitro based on this definition is shown to provide an accurate prediction of the average amount of starch that is likely to escape complete digestion and absorption in the human small intestine.

scholarly journals In vitro production of short-chain fatty acids from resistant starch by pig faecal inoculum

animal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1446-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Giuberti ◽  
A. Gallo ◽  
M. Moschini ◽  
F. Masoero
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Vitro Production ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids
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