scholarly journals Vitamins and cardiovascular disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 1113-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Honarbakhsh ◽  
M. Schachter
Keyword(s):  
Population Group ◽  
Western World ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Clinical Endpoints ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Right ◽  
Β Carotene

CVD is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the Western world. In recent years its importance has expanded internationally and it is believed that by 2020 it will be the biggest cause of mortality in the world, emphasising the importance to prevent or minimise this increase. A beneficial role for vitamins in CVD has long been explored but the data are still inconsistent. While being supported by observational studies, randomised controlled trials have not yet supported a role for vitamins in primary or secondary prevention of CVD and have in some cases even indicated increased mortality in those with pre-existing late-stage atherosclerosis. The superiority of combination therapy over single supplementation has been suggested but this has not been confirmed in trials. Studies have indicated that β-carotene mediates pro-oxidant effects and it has been suggested that its negative effects may diminish the beneficial effects mediated by the other vitamins in the supplementation cocktail. The trials that used a combination of vitamins that include β-carotene have been disappointing. However, vitamin E and vitamin C have in combination shown long-term anti-atherogenic effects but their combined effect on clinical endpoints has been inconsistent. Studies also suggest that vitamins would be beneficial to individuals who are antioxidant-deficient or exposed to increased levels of oxidative stress, for example, smokers, diabetics and elderly patients, emphasising the importance of subgroup targeting. Through defining the right population group and the optimal vitamin combination we could potentially find a future role for vitamins in CVD.

scholarly journals DASH Dietary Pattern: A Treatment for Non-communicable Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheenam Suri ◽  
Vikas Kumar ◽  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Ankit Goyal ◽  
Beenu Tanwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Western World ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dash Diet ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Dairy Foods ◽  
Sustained Effect ◽  
Long Term Studies

Non-communicable diseases are the major inducer of mortality and morbidity in the Western world. In terms of nutrition, a diet high in fat (particularly saturated fat), salt and sugars have shown to be associated with innumerable incidence of diet- associated health diseases. Dietary modification is a central part of any treatment strategy. The Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is one among such healthy dietary patterns, which emphasizes on the consumption of fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy foods, including whole grains, poultry, fish, and small quantities of red meat, sweets and drinks containing sugar. This study provides certain practical evidence that prolonged adoption of DASH diet which can be a useful treatment for numerous non-communicable diseases with a sustained effect on the health that involves both accessibility and proximity to healthy eating choices. Long-term studies are required to assess whether these effects are maintained over time.

States' obligations to mitigate the direct and indirect health consequences of non-international armed conflicts: complementarity of IHL and the right to health

2013 ◽  
Vol 95 (889) ◽  
pp. 129-165
Author(s):  
Amrei Müller
Keyword(s):  
Right To Health ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Historical Origin ◽  
The Right

AbstractArmed conflicts have numerous adverse health consequences for the affected populations, many of which occur in the long-term. This article analyses in detail how international humanitarian law (IHL) and the right to health complement each other in obliging states to mitigate the direct and indirect health consequences of non-international armed conflicts. With its historical origin and purpose of protecting wounded and sick combatants of standing governmental armies, IHL focuses on the protection of the wounded and sick suffering from the direct health consequences of armed conflicts, such as injuries resulting from ongoing hostilities. The right to health is more expansive: it obliges states to prioritise the provision of primary health care through creating and maintaining an accessible basic health system. This focus enables it to highlight and address the indirect health consequences of armed conflicts, such as the spreading of epidemic and endemic diseases and rising child and maternal mortality and morbidity.

scholarly journals Beyond Lockdown: The Potential Side Effects of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Public Health

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1600
Author(s):  
Sara Paltrinieri ◽  
Barbara Bressi ◽  
Stefania Costi ◽  
Elisa Mazzini ◽  
Silvio Cavuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Alcohol Drinking ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Work Activity ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Lockdowns to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 have disrupted routines and behaviors, which could lead to a worsening of lifestyle and an increase in the burden of non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to describe the changes in physical activity, diet, alcohol drinking, and cigarette smoking during lockdown. A self-administered online survey addressing adults living in a province in northern Italy was advertised through websites and social media. Citizens could access the survey in anonymity from 4 May until 15 June 2020. A total of 1826 adults completed the survey, with a worsening of physical activity (35.1%), diet (17.6%), alcohol drinking (12.5%), and cigarette smoking (7.7%) reported. In contrast, 33.5% reported an improvement in diet, 12.6% in alcohol drinking, 5.3% in physical activity and 4.1% in cigarette smoking. Female sex, young adult age, suspension of work activity, and symptoms of psychological distress were the factors associated with a greater likelihood of change, which was frequently for the worse. Lockdown had an impact on lifestyle, with some net beneficial effects on diet and mostly negative effects on physical activity. Public health measures should be implemented to avoid long-term negative effects of the lockdown, supporting individuals more prone to change for the worse.

scholarly journals Lockdown effect on COVID-19 incidence and death: Iran experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sajad Delavari ◽  
Zahra Jamali ◽  
Mohsen Bayati
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
World Health ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: Countries are trying several policy options for decreasing the incidence and burden of the COVID-19. One of these strategies is a lockdown, complete closure, to reduce the risk of distributing disease via social interactions. This study aimed to analyze the effect of a three-week lockdown on the mortality and morbidity of the COVID-19 in Iran. Methods: Official daily data on COVID-19 incidence and death reported on the COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) were extracted from September 1, 2020, to January 14, 2021. Data were analyzed using interrupted time series analysis via STATA 14 software. Results: Lockdown resulted in a significant reduction in the daily death from Covid-19 in the short-term (β=-139, P<0.01) and in the long-term (β=-12, P<0.01). Moreover, lockdown in the short-term insignificantly (β=-21.58, P=0.969), and in the long-term significantly (β=-317.31, P<0.01) reduced the Covid-19 daily incidence. Discussion: The results showed that the lockdown has a significant effect on incidence and death numbers. Therefore, it could be a suitable short-term strategy for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak. On the other hand, its negative effects on households and businesses should be considered.

scholarly journals Migrating Souvenir Bullet: The Management Dilemma

2021 ◽  
pp. 097275312096649
Author(s):  
Srikant Kumar Swain ◽  
Rajnish Kumar Arora ◽  
Radhe Shyam Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Deficit ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Occipital Region ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cerebral Trauma ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
The Right

The cranio-cerebral trauma following gunshot injuries has high mortality and morbidity, with 66% to 90% victims dying before reaching hospital and only half of those treated in hospital surviving. However, in case of most salvageable patients, the question which poses dilemma to treating physicians is the decision as to when and why remove the retained missile. A 21-year-old man was observing a gunfight in the street from his balcony. Suddenly something struck his forehead and there was a small amount of bleeding toward the medial end of his left eyebrow. He had moderate headache and dizziness. Because of nonresolution of headache over seven days he was hospitalized and underwent X ray of the skull and CT of the head, which showed a retained metallic bullet in left inferior parieto-occipital region without any significant hemorrhage. As there was no neurological deficit or meningeal signs, he was managed conservatively. His symptoms improved gradually within next week and he was discharged home. His most recent follow-up was 28 months since injury and imaging showed migration of the bullet to the right inferior temporal region. As he was completely asymptomatic throughout, no intervention was offered. However, long-term follow-up for potential complications of migration, hydrocephalus, and abscess formation is advisable.

scholarly journals Dietary restriction improves repopulation but impairs lymphoid differentiation capacity of hematopoietic stem cells in early aging

2016 ◽  
Vol 213 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duozhuang Tang ◽  
Si Tao ◽  
Zhiyang Chen ◽  
Ievgen Oleksandrovich Koliesnik ◽  
Philip Gerald Calmes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
B Lymphopoiesis ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Tissue Aging

Dietary restriction (DR) improves health, delays tissue aging, and elongates survival in flies and worms. However, studies on laboratory mice and nonhuman primates revealed ambiguous effects of DR on lifespan despite improvements in health parameters. In this study, we analyzed consequences of adult-onset DR (24 h to 1 yr) on hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. DR ameliorated HSC aging phenotypes, such as the increase in number of HSCs and the skewing toward myeloid-biased HSCs during aging. Furthermore, DR increased HSC quiescence and improved the maintenance of the repopulation capacity of HSCs during aging. In contrast to these beneficial effects, DR strongly impaired HSC differentiation into lymphoid lineages and particularly inhibited the proliferation of lymphoid progenitors, resulting in decreased production of peripheral B lymphocytes and impaired immune function. The study shows that DR-dependent suppression of growth factors and interleukins mediates these divergent effects caused by DR. Supplementation of insulin-like growth factor 1 partially reverted the DR-induced quiescence of HSCs, whereas IL-6/IL-7 substitutions rescued the impairment of B lymphopoiesis exposed to DR. Together, these findings delineate positive and negative effects of long-term DR on HSC functionality involving distinct stress and growth signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Longitudinal effects of antibiotics and fecal transplant on lemur gut microbiota structure, associations, and resistomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally L. Bornbusch ◽  
Rachel L. Harris ◽  
Nicholas M. Grebe ◽  
Kimberly Roche ◽  
Kristin Dimac-Stohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Fecal Transplant ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Integrated Study

AbstractAntibiotics alter the diversity, structure, and dynamics of host-associated microbial consortia, including via development of antibiotic resistance; however, patterns of recovery from dysbiosis and methods to mitigate negative effects, remain poorly understood. We applied an ecological framework via long-term, integrated study of community structure, across scales, to improve understanding of host-microbe symbiosis during dysbiosis and recovery. We experimentally administered a broad-spectrum antibiotic alone or with subsequent fecal transfaunation to healthy, male ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and longitudinally tracked the diversity, composition, associations, and resistomes of their gut microbiota. Whereas microbial diversity recovered rapidly in lemurs, antibiotics caused long-term instability in community composition – effects that were attenuated by fecal transfaunation. Antibiotic resistance genes, which were universally present, including in treatment-naïve subjects, increased during and persisted after antibiotic treatment. Long-term, integrated study post antibiotic-induced dysbiosis revealed differential, metric-dependent evidence of recovery, beneficial effects of fecal transfaunation, and negative consequences to lemur resistomes.

Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion – An Update

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 ((Suppl.1)) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Katzenschlager ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dopaminergic Drugs ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Oral Medications ◽  
Best Medical Treatment ◽  
Subcutaneous Apomorphine ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms ◽  
Term Data

Continuous delivery of dopaminergic drugs is an important treatment strategy to delay or reverse motor complications in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Subcutaneous apomorphine (APO) infusion has been shown (in uncontrolled studies) to significantly reduce ‘off’ time and dyskinesia duration and severity, and long-term data show the beneficial effects persist for several years. There is some evidence that the maximum antidyskinetic effect of APO infusion may be attained when oral medications are reduced or discontinued, making monotherapy an important clinical goal. Recent studies demonstrate possible positive effects of APO infusion on the non-motor symptoms of PD. However, more trials are needed to assess the neuropsychiatric effects of this treatment. Moreover, randomised controlled trials are needed to compare APO infusion with best medical treatment and with other invasive treatments such as levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion and deep brain stimulation.

scholarly journals Sex differences in the effects of maternal vitamin supplements on mortality and morbidity among children born to HIV-infected women in Tanzania

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1784-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Kawai ◽  
Gernard Msamanga ◽  
Karim Manji ◽  
Eduardo Villamor ◽  
Ronald J. Bosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Vitamin Supplements ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Β Carotene

We examined whether there are sex differences in the effect of vitamin supplements on birth outcomes, mortality and morbidity by 2 years of age among children born to HIV-infected women in Tanzania. A randomised placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 959 mother–infant pairs. HIV-infected pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive a daily oral dose of one of four regimens: multivitamins (vitamins B-complex, C and E), vitamin A plus β-carotene, multivitamins including vitamin A plus β-carotene or placebo. Supplements were administered during pregnancy and continued after delivery. The beneficial effect of multivitamins on decreasing the risk of low birth weight was stronger among girls (relative risks (RR) = 0·39, 95 % CI 0·22, 0·67) than among boys (RR = 0·81, 95 % CI 0·44, 1·49; P for interaction = 0·08). Maternal multivitamin supplements resulted in 32 % reduction in mortality among girls (RR = 0·68, 95 % CI 0·47, 0·97), whereas no effect was found among boys (RR = 1·20, 95 % CI 0·80, 1·78; P for interaction = 0·04). Multivitamins had beneficial effects on the overall risks of diarrhoea that did not differ by sex. Vitamin A plus β-carotene alone increased the risk of HIV transmission, but had no effects on mortality, and we found no sex differences in these effects. Sex differential effects of multivitamins on mortality may be due to sex-related differences in the immunological or genetic factors. More research is warranted to examine the effect of vitamins by sex and better understand biological mechanisms mediating such effects.

scholarly journals Are there Long-Term Earnings Scars from Youth Unemployment in Germany?

2015 ◽  
Vol 235 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 474-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Möller ◽  
Matthias Umkehrer
Keyword(s):  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Future Earnings ◽  
Earnings Distribution ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
High Earning ◽  
The Relationship

Summary We analyze the relationship between early-career unemployment and prime-age earnings with German administrative linked employer-employee data. The careers of more than 720,000 male apprenticeship graduates from the cohorts of 1978 to 1980 are followed over 24 years. On average, early-career unemployment has substantial negative effects on earnings accumulated later in life. An identification strategy based on plant closure of the training firm at the time of graduation suggests that the revealed correlation is not the result of unobserved heterogeneity. Scarring effects also vary considerably across the earnings distribution. Workers with a high earning potential are able to offset adverse consequences of early-career unemployment to a large extent. Workers who are located at the bottom of the prime-age earnings distribution, in contrast, suffer substantial and persistent losses. Our findings imply that a policy with the aim of preventing early-career unemployment would have long-lasting beneficial effects on future earnings.

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