Association between overall fruit and vegetable intake, and fruit and vegetable sub-types and blood pressure: the PRIME study (Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction)

Abstract Increased fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is associated with reduced blood pressure (BP). However, it is not clear whether the effect of FV on BP depends on the type of FV consumed. Furthermore, there is limited research regarding the comparative effect of juices or whole FV on BP. Baseline data from a prospective cohort study of 10 660 men aged 50–59 years examined not only the cross-sectional association between total FV intake but also specific types of FV and BP in France and Northern Ireland. BP was measured, and dietary intake assessed using FFQ. After adjusting for confounders, both systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were significantly inversely associated with total fruit, vegetable and fruit juice intake; however, when examined according to fruit or vegetable sub-type (citrus fruit, other fruit, fruit juices, cooked vegetables and raw vegetables), only the other fruit and raw vegetable categories were consistently associated with reduced SBP and DBP. In relation to the risk of hypertension based on SBP >140 mmHg, the OR for total fruit, vegetable and fruit juice intake (per fourth) was 0·95 (95 % CI 0·91, 1·00), with the same estimates being 0·98 (95 % CI 0·94, 1·02) for citrus fruit (per fourth), 1·02 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·06) for fruit juice (per fourth), 0·93 (95 % CI 0·89, 0·98) for other fruit (per fourth), 1·05 (95 % CI 0·99, 1·10) for cooked vegetable (per fourth) and 0·86 (95 % CI 0·80, 0·91) for raw vegetable intakes (per fourth). Similar results were obtained for DBP. In conclusion, a high overall intake of fruit, vegetables and fruit juice was inversely associated with SBP, DBP and risk of hypertension, but this differed by FV sub-type, suggesting that the strength of the association between FV sub-types and BP might be related to the type consumed, or to processing or cooking-related factors.

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Relationship between Prefecture-Level Yield of Not-for-Sale Fruits and Vegetables and Individual-Level Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13114072 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 4072

Author(s):

Daisuke Machida

Keyword(s):

Fixed Effects ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Individual Level

This study investigated the relationship between prefecture-level yield of not-for-sale fruits and vegetables and individual-level fruit and vegetable intake in Japan. Data were drawn from the Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey and National Crop Survey of 2016. Random intercept models were used for the analyses. Individual-level fruit and vegetable intake was used for the dependent variable, and prefecture-level yield of not-for-sale fruits and vegetables was used for the independent variable as a fixed effect. In addition, participants’ characteristics and health-related factors at the individual level were also put into independent variables as fixed effects. The prefectures were used as random intercepts. It was found that prefecture-level yield of not-for-sale fruits and vegetables was significantly related to individual-level fruit and vegetable intake (vegetable: B = 0.390, p < 0.001; fruit: B = 0.268, p = 0.003; fruits and vegetables: B = 0.357, p < 0.001). These relationships were also significant in the gender-specific analysis. Thus, the yield of not-for-sale fruits and vegetables might contribute to the intake of fruits and vegetables in Japan.

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A Short Dutch Questionnaire to Measure Fruit and Vegetable Intake: Relative Validity Among Adults and Adolescents

Nutrition and Health ◽

10.1177/026010600201600203 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 85-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 126

Author(s):

Patricia Van Assema ◽

Johannes Brug ◽

Gaby Ronda ◽

Ingrid Steenhuis ◽

Anke Oenema

Keyword(s):

Fruit Juice ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Fruit Intake ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Food Frequency ◽

Diet Records ◽

Valid Assessment

A short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake was validated. Forty-nine adults and fifty-one adolescents (12–18 years old) completed the FFQ at home, and subsequently kept diet records for seven successive days. Mean daily intake of F&V was overestimated by the FFQ as compared to the 7-day diet records. for adults, spearman correlations of at least 0.5 were observed between the two methods for intake of total fruit and intake of citrus fruit. For adolescents, acceptable spearman correlations (0.53–0.64) were observed between the two methods for total F&V intake, total fruit intake and consumption of fruit juice. Low correlations (0.22–0.35) between the FFQ and the diet records were found for vegetable intake. Relatively large percentages (22–37%) of respondents were incorrectly classified by the short FFQ as eating according to the Dutch recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake. Based on the results of the present study as well as an overview of the results of 34 earlier validation studies of F&V FFQ's, it is concluded that the available FFQ's have only limited capability to make valid assessment of F&V intake levels. In spite of the practical advantages of the short FFQ tested in the present study and the :similar validity scores as compared with other often used F&V FFQ's, it needs further revision, especially to be used for valid measurement of vegetable intake as well as total F&V intake among adults.

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Awareness and outcomes of the fruits and veggies (FNV) campaign to promote fruit and vegetable consumption among targeted audiences in California and Virginia: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11055-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tessa R. Englund ◽

Valisa E. Hedrick ◽

Sofía Rincón-Gallardo Patiño ◽

Lauren E. Kennedy ◽

Kathryn W. Hosig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Behavioral Outcomes ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Brand Awareness ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Convenience Sample

Abstract Background In 2015, the Partnership for a Healthier America launched the branded Fruits & Veggies (FNV) Campaign to apply a unique industry-inspired marketing approach to promote fruit and vegetable sales and intake to moms and teens in two US pilot markets: Fresno, California and Hampton Roads, Virginia. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to: 1) assess brand awareness and fruit- and vegetable-related outcomes among FNV Campaign target audiences in the California and Virginia market locations; and 2) examine whether reported awareness of the FNV Campaign was associated with differences in fruit- and vegetable-related cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Methods Data for this cross-sectional study were collected using an online survey administered to a non-probability convenience sample (n = 1604; February–July 2017) of youth aged 14–20 years (n = 744) and moms aged 21–36 years (n = 860) in the two pilot markets. Descriptive statistics were computed and outcomes compared between unaware and aware respondents, controlling for sociodemographic covariates. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted to assess whether fruit- and vegetable-related attitude, belief, and encouragement outcomes differed by FNV Campaign awareness; logistic regression was used to examine associations between FNV brand awareness and dichotomous variables (fruit- and vegetable-related behavioral intentions, trying new fruits and vegetables); and ANCOVA was used to assess associations with daily fruit and vegetable intake frequency. Results Approximately 20% (n = 315/1604) of respondents reported awareness of the FNV Campaign. Youth that reported awareness of the FNV Campaign (n = 167, 22.4%) had higher intentions to buy (p = 0.003) and eat (p = 0.009) fruits and vegetables than unaware respondents. Mothers that reported awareness of the FNV Campaign (n = 148, 17.2%) reported greater encouragement for friends and family to eat fruits and vegetables (p = 0.013) and were approximately 1.5 times more likely to report trying a new fruit or vegetable (p = 0.04) than mothers unaware of the Campaign. Daily fruit and vegetable intake frequency did not differ by Campaign awareness. Conclusions FNV Campaign awareness was associated with limited but positive short- and intermediate-term cognitive and behavioral outcomes among target audience respondents. These findings can inform future research to enhance understanding and improve the FNV Campaign as it is expanded to new markets nationwide.

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Abstract P395: Color of Fruits, Vegetables and Blood Pressure: The INTERMAP Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.ap395 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽

Author(s):

Linda M Oude Griep ◽

Jeremiah Stamler ◽

Queenie Chan ◽

Linda van Horn ◽

Lyn M Steffen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Regression Coefficients ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Orange Yellow ◽

Urinary Potassium ◽

History Of

Background: The color of the edible portion of fruits and vegetables, reflecting the presence of pigmented phytochemicals, may be used as an indicator of their nutrient profile. Previous cohort and intervention studies have documented beneficial associations of fruits and vegetables with blood pressure (BP). However, whether the color of fruits and vegetables is associated with BP is unknown. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from the International Study of Macro-/Micronutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP) on 4,680 men and women ages 40-59 years from Japan, China, United Kingdom, and United States. During four visits, eight BP measurements and four 24-hr dietary recalls were completed. Fruits and vegetables were categorized in 4 color groups: green, orange/yellow, red/purple, and white. BP regression coefficients per 2SD higher intake were estimated using multivariable linear regression models. To estimate overall associations, country-specific regression coefficients were pooled, weighted by inverse of their variance. Adjustments were for age, gender, sample, intake of total energy and alcohol, 24-hr urinary sodium excretion, smoking, education, dietary supplement use, adherence to any special diet, history of cardiovascular diseases or diabetes, family history of hypertension, use of medication (antihypertensive, cardiovascular or for diabetes), body mass index, and intake of low-fat dairy, fibre-rich grain products, red and processed meats, fish and shellfish, and mutually for other fruit and vegetable color groups. Results: Average daily fruit plus vegetable intakes (g/1000 kcal) was 183 in the total population, varying from 129 in the United Kingdom to 222 in China. White fruits and vegetables contributed 32% of total fruit and vegetable intake, orange/yellow 27%, green 26%, and red/purple 15%. Fruit and vegetable color groups were weakly related to each other, partial r values ranged from 0.08 for green with red/purple to 0.15 for white with orange/yellow. Fruit and vegetable color groups were highly correlated with dietary and urinary potassium; highest correlation coefficients were for white fruits and vegetables (r=0.46 for dietary and r=0.26 for urinary potassium). Green fruits and vegetables were also highly related to beta-carotene (r=0.40) and dietary fiber (r=0.40), orange fruits and vegetables to vitamin C (r=0.59), and white fruits and vegetables to dietary fibre (r=0.49). Green fruit and vegetable intake higher by 90 g/1000 kcal was associated with a systolic BP difference of -1.19 mm Hg (P<0.05). Green fruits and vegetables comprised mainly green vegetables including: cabbages (52%), lettuces (21%), dark leafy (10%), and a heterogeneous group (17%). Other fruit and vegetable color groups and total fruits plus vegetables were not associated with BP. Conclusion: Higher intake of green fruits and vegetables may contribute to lower systolic BP.

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Factors associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables in schoolchildren aged 7 to 14 years of Florianópolis, South of Brazil

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1415-52732014000400003 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 413-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Carla Regina Galego ◽

Gisele Liliam D'avila ◽

Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos

Keyword(s):

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Family Income ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Biological Data ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

P Value ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Santa Catarina ◽

Cross Sectional

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of the fruit and vegetable intake of schoolchildren aged 7 to 14 years from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and analyze the associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed food intake, socioeconomic, and biological data of 2,836 schoolchildren. The Chi-square test analyzed the dependent (fruit and vegetable intake) and independent variables; the latter with p-value <0.20 were selected for logistic regression analysis. The level of significance was p<0.05. Results: Only 4.8% of the sample had adequate fruit and vegetable intake. The variables associated with adequate fruit and vegetable intake were school ownership status (private versus public), mother's education level, and family income per member. After adjustment only family income per capita remained associated with fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusion: The fruit and vegetable intake of schoolchildren aged 7 to 14 years from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, is inadequate.

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Association of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Frailty among Chinese Elders: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Cities

The journal of nutrition health & aging ◽

10.1007/s12603-019-1236-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 890-895 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Junling Gao ◽

Y. Jia ◽

J. Dai ◽

H. Fu ◽

Y. Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Intake ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chinese Elders

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Association between food insecurity and low fruit and vegetable intake in the UK in 2016: a cross-sectional study

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32833-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 394 ◽

pp. S36

Author(s):

Narges Ebadi ◽

Davod Ahmadi

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Uk

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Relationships Between Food Security, Fruit and Vegetable Availability, and Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Elementary Children and Their Parents

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_136 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 285-285

Author(s):

Michaela Sossamon ◽

Derek Miketinas

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Elementary Children ◽

Fruit Intake ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

School Garden ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fruit Availability ◽

At Home

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis is to explore baseline findings on the relationships between food security, fruit and vegetable availability, and fruit and vegetable intake in elementary children and their parents before the start of a school-garden program. Methods Third-grade students (n = 154) and their parents were recruited from a Texas elementary school that participates in a school-garden program. Prior to the start of the program, student participants along with one of their parents completed the National Cancer Institute's All-Day Screener to assess fruit, juice, and vegetable intake. Parent participants also completed other validated questionnaires to assess home availability of fruits and vegetables and food security. Regression and ANOVA were used to examine the relationships between food security, fruit and vegetable availability at home, and fruit and vegetable intake in parent and student participants. Results A total of 64 students provided consent, and 39 students (∼58% female), each with one parent (∼97% female), completed the questionnaires. Parents who reported low food security had significantly greater total fruit and vegetable intake (4.7 servings/day) along with their children (6.0 servings/day) compared with parents (2.8 servings/day) and children (3.3 servings/day) with high food security. Fruit availability at home was positively correlated with fruit intake in parents (β = 0.18; P = .0261; R2 = 0.13; ) but not children (P = .8931). No significant associations were found between vegetable availability and vegetable intake in student or parent participants. Conclusions These baseline findings indicate greater fruit and vegetable intake for children and parents with low food security, which may be due to differences in fruit intake rather than vegetable intake. Although greater fruit intake was associated with fruit availability in the home for parents, this association was not observed for children. Funding Sources None.

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