The Strategic Origins of Electoral Authoritarianism

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Military Alliances ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Electoral Authoritarianism ◽  
International Engagement ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Why do autocrats hold multiparty elections? This article argues that transitions to electoral authoritarianism (EA) follow a strategic calculus in which autocrats balance international incentives to adopt elections against the costs and risks of controlling them. It tests this hypothesis with a multinomial logit model that simultaneously predicts transitions to EA and democracy, using a sample of non-electoral autocracies from 1946–2010. It finds that pro-democratic international leverage – captured by dependence on democracies through trade ties, military alliances, international governmental organizations and aid – predicts EA adoption. Socio-economic factors that make voters easier to control, such as low average income and high inequality, also predict EA transition. In contrast, since democratization entails a loss of power for autocrats, it is mainly predicted by regime weakness rather than international engagement or socio-economic factors. The results demonstrate that different forms of liberalization follow distinct logics, providing insight into autocratic regime dynamics and democracy promotion’s unintended effects.

scholarly journals Understanding the predisposing risk factors of young suicide

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 4530
Author(s):  
Rashmi Wardhan ◽  
Padmshree Mudgal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Suicide is an unfortunate multifactorial problem impacting families and communities. Many young lives are lost every year due to suicide. There is an urgent need to understand the multifactorial risk factor mechanisms providing vulnerability to suicidal behavior for early detection of impending incidents, monitoring, and prevention. This review aims to give an insight into the various biochemical and genetic markers along with the associated socio-economic factors and mental disorders which contribute to increased suicide risk. The role of different neurotransmitter-associated pathways such as serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and norepinephrine pathway, and pathways involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, lipid metabolism, and neuroinflammation in suicide ideation and risk have been explored. Understanding of these predisposing factors and associated pathways could help identify the risk and lead to the development of drugs/ treatment to prevent suicides.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Use and Adoption of Family-Sized Bio-digesters as Renewable Energy Sources in Ngoma District, Rwanda

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danson Musinguzi ◽  
Emmanuel Kayinamura ◽  
Anne Tumushabe ◽  
Daniel Omuna ◽  
Emmaniel Innocent Eniru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The People ◽  
Biogas Energy ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

1) Background: The environmental, financial and social questions in Africa remain unanswered up-to-date, with the rapid increase in human population and the demand for fuel energy, trigger the need to generate data on the socio-economic factors influencing the knowledge of use and adoption of family-sized bio-digesters. The increasing prices of fossil fuels and taxes on energy sources require finding the alternative, clean and economical sources of energy for households in developing countries. Moreover, in Africa, the consumption of firewood and charcoal continues to increase, with wood fuel consumption predicted to increase by 2030 to over 140%. The study objectives were 1) to determine the socio-economic characteristics of the people in Ngoma district, 2) to assess socio-economic factors influencing people to use and adopt family-sized bio-digesters. 2) Methods: Quantitative data collected with semi-structured questionnaires and interviews were analyzed using descriptive statistics. 3) Results: The results show that many households had not realized the potential benefits of biogas use and adoption in Rwanda. The study further found that a number of factors such as household income levels, socio-economic, technological, and institutional influence the household use and adoption of biogas energy. 4) Conclusions: At the end, the study suggests the need for all players such as Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO's) and local communities to work together to provide incentives and favorable environment that can attract individual households to invest in biogas energy production and utilization.

scholarly journals Gis And Remote Sensing: A Review Of Applications To The Study Of The Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Quoc-lap Kieu ◽  
Tien-thanh Nguyen ◽  
Anh-huy Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Gis And Remote Sensing ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Gis And Rs ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has engulfed the world with a rapid, unexpected, and far-reaching global crisis. In the study of COVID-19, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) have played an important role in many aspects, especially in the fight against COVID-19. This review summarises 102 scientific papers on applications of GIS and RS on studies of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, two themes of GIS and RS-related applications are grouped into the six categories of studies of the COVID-19 including spatio-temporal changes, WebGISbased mapping, the correlation between the COVID-19 and natural, socio-economic factors, and the environmental impacts. The findings of this study provide insight into how to apply new techniques (GIS and RS) to better understand, better manage the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic and effectively assess its impacts. 

scholarly journals People With Vulnerabilities To Cyclone In The Coastal Area Of Bangladesh: An Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-91
Author(s):  
Abdul Karim Gazi
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Vulnerable People ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Purpose of the study: Cyclone is a common disaster in Bangladesh because of affecting the coastal area almost every year. The intention of this paper is to explore the vulnerability to cyclone and the possible way of mitigating vulnerability in the coastal area of Bangladesh. Methodology: This study is a content analysis of qualitative research and has been conducted on the basis secondary data, collected through content analysis and historical method of data collection on the basis of title and objectives. Main findings: Only socio-economic factors aren’t responsible for making and rising vulnerability in coastal areas, rather physical, environmental, geographical setting and cultural factors are responsible. Besides, after cyclone there are various problems to take proper steps, the author has discussed a process of emergency action after cyclone and argued that the collaboration between government and NGOs can mitigate vulnerability. Applications of the study: This study is useful for them who want to know about vulnerability to cyclone in the coastal area of Bangladesh and the Governmental and Non-governmental organizations. Originality of the study: The author has concluded that this study will help to take step to reduce vulnerability to cyclone and to whom who would like to help to vulnerable people of the coastal area of Bangladesh and study on vulnerability.

DINAMIKA KELOMPOK TANI ANUGERAH MOLLO DI DESA NETPALA KECAMATAN MOLLO UTARA KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH SELATAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Tanggu Dedo Yeremias ◽  
Ernantje Hendrik ◽  
Ignatius Sinu
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Dynamic Level ◽  
South Central ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

ABSTRACT This research has been carried out in the Anugerah Mollo Farmer Group, in Netpala Village, North Mollo District, South Central Timor Regency, starting in March - April 2019. This study aims to determine: (1) The dynamic level of the Anugerah Mollo Farmer Group in Netpala Village, North Mollo District, South Central Timor Regency, (2) Relationship between Socio-economic factors of farmer group members and the level of dynamics of the Anugerah Mollo Farmer Group in Netpala Village, North Mollo District, South Central Timor Regency. Determination of the location of the study carried out intentionally (purposive sampling) The type of data collected is primary data obtained from direct interviews with respondents guided by the questionnaire, while secondary data is obtained from the relevant agencies. To find out the first purpose of the data analyzed using a Likert scale, to find out the second purpose of the data analyzed using the Sperman Rank statistical Nonparametric test. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The level of dynamism of the Anugerah Mollo Farmer Group in Netpala Village, North Mollo District, South Central Timor Regency, is in the very dynamic category of 84%, (2) The relationship of socio-economic factors is only one of the five variables that are significantly related namely land area with a coefficient of rs 0.278 and t = 1.782 count greater than t table 1.699 (p> 0.05), while other social factors such as age, formal education, number of family dependents, and experience of farming show no significant relationship with the level of dynamism of Anugerah Mollo Farmers Group in Netpala Village.

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