The management of acaricide resistance in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae), in Australia

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Sutherst ◽  
H. N. Comins
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractAn analysis, using mathematical models, is presented of the ecological, genetic and economic factors that determine the optimal strategies for the long-term use of chemical control of Boophilus microplus (Can.) on cattle. As an illustration, the control of the tick in south-eastern Queensland is considered, but the approach is readily applicable in any other geographical area. It is suggested that optimal strategies take into account the need to delay the development of resistance to acaricides. The suggested strategies involve the use of tick-resistant Zebu-type cattle as a basis for tick control. High concentrations of acaricides are recommended to reduce seleotion of resistant ticks. Careful timing and moderation in the use of acaricides is also recommended to minimise the number of occasions on which resistant ticks are subjected to selection at times when they can successfully reproduce. As the spread of resistance is thought to occur primarily on moving cattle and before resistance is evident, stringent quarantine measures may slow down the spread.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Acaricidal Activity of Nemuaron vieillardii Essential Oil against the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601101
Author(s):  
Nicolas Lebouvier ◽  
Thomas Hue ◽  
Joseph Brophy ◽  
Edouard Hnawia ◽  
Mohammed Nour
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Acaricidal Activity ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Caryophyllene Oxide ◽  
Human Carcinogen

Essential oil from leaves of Nemuaron vieillardii (Baill.) Baill., a shrub used in the kanak pharmacopeia, was analyzed by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds identified were safrole (49.7%), linalool (8.0%), δ-cadinene (5.1%), caryophyllene oxide (4%) and α-copaene (2.4%). This chemical composition is consistent with leaf oils of the Atherospermataceae family and demonstrates the proximity of the two genera Nemuaron and Atherosperma as regards to their essential oil compositions. The modified Larval Packet Test (LPT) was used to assess acaricidal effect of N. vieillardii essential oil on larvae of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and LC50 was then calculated to 14.67%. High content of safrole in this oil which is suspected of being a human carcinogen, poses the problem of the use of this oil in a perspective of development of alternative tick control strategy and in the traditional medicinal consumption of Nemuaron vieillardii.

scholarly journals Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: expression and characterization of Bm86-CG in Pichia pastoris

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Casquero Cunha ◽  
Renato Andreotti ◽  
Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
Keyword(s):  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Western Blot Assay ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Antibody Titers

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is responsible for great economic losses. It is mainly controlled chemically, with limitations regarding development of resistance to the chemicals. Vaccines may help control this parasite, thereby reducing tick pesticide use. In this light, we performed subcloning of the gene of the protein Bm86-GC, the homologue protein that currently forms the basis of vaccines (GavacTM and TickGardPLUS) that have been developed against cattle ticks. The subcloning was done in the pPIC9 expression vector, for transformation in the yeast Pichia pastoris. This protein was characterized by expression of the recombinant Mut+ strain, which expressed greater quantities of protein. The expressed protein (rBm86-CG) was recognized in the Western-blot assay using anti-Gavac, anti-TickGard, anti-larval extract and anti-rBm86-CG polyclonal sera. The serum produced in cattle vaccinated with the antigen CG rBm86 presented high antibody titers and recognized the native protein. The rBm86-GC has potential relevance as an immunogen for vaccine formulation against cattle ticks.

Resistance by cattle to cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. III. The development of resistance to experimental infestations by purebred Sahiwal and Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Hewetson
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sahiwal Cattle ◽  
Males And Females

Purebred Sahiwal cattle acquired resistance to Boophilus microplus in a similar manner to crossbred Sahiwal cattle as previously reported. The purebred entire males and females were more resistant than a control group of crossbred steers because they dropped significantly fewer replete ticks than the crossbreds at the third and fourth, but not at the first and second infestations. Adult female ticks dropped by purebred animals were significantly lighter than those dropped by crossbred animals at the fourth infestation only. There was no significant difference in the numbers of eggs laid and hatched from ticks dropped by purebred and crossbred animals. Australian Illawarra Shorthorn steers developed resistance at a second and third infestation which waned at a fourth infestation, but individual steers displayed developing resistance throughout the four infestations. Day of modal drop of replete female ticks appeared to be affected by breed, and developing resistance or season.

A ten-year review of commercial vaccine performance for control of tick infestations on cattle

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
José de la Fuente ◽  
Consuelo Almazán ◽  
Mario Canales ◽  
José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra ◽  
Katherine M. Kocan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Antigen Discovery ◽  
Tick Vaccine ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTicks are important ectoparasites of domestic and wild animals, and tick infestations economically impact cattle production worldwide. Control of cattle tick infestations has been primarily by application of acaricides which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and environmental pollution. Herein we discuss data from tick vaccine application in Australia, Cuba, Mexico and other Latin American countries. Commercial tick vaccines for cattle based on the Boophilus microplus Bm86 gut antigen have proven to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to the use of acaricides. Commercial tick vaccines reduced tick infestations on cattle and the intensity of acaricide usage, as well as increasing animal production and reducing transmission of some tick-borne pathogens. Although commercialization of tick vaccines has been difficult owing to previous constraints of antigen discovery, the expense of testing vaccines in cattle, and company restructuring, the success of these vaccines over the past decade has clearly demonstrated their potential as an improved method of tick control for cattle. Development of improved vaccines in the future will be greatly enhanced by new and efficient molecular technologies for antigen discovery and the urgent need for a tick control method to reduce or replace the use of acaricides, especially in regions where extensive tick resistance has occurred.

The spelling of pasture in cattle tick control

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Cattle Tick Control

When two comparable herds of cattle were kept continuously in adjoining paddocks, frequent acaricidal treatment was necessary to control ticks (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) ). Thereafter, one of the two herds was grazed alternately in its own and an adjacent paddock, the intervals between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unoccupied paddock had died. Tick infestations on this herd were greatly reduced, and less frequent use of acaricides was necessary. The herd remaining in the continuously stocked pasture continued to need acaricidal treatment for recurring tick infestation. In a field trial with 350–400 cattle moved a t intervals to each of three formerly heavily infested paddocks, tick infestations remained very light, although the herd was dipped only In January, September, and the following January. A control herd on continuously stocked pasture, treated at the owner's discretion, required eight dippings in this period. This procedure of "pasture spelling" seems likely to be widely applicable in central Queensland.

Culture of an organophosphorus-resistant strain ofBoophilus microplus(Can.) and an assessment of its resistance spectrum

1966 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Low Order

Field observations indicated that a strain ofBoophilus microplus(Can.) in the Rockhampton area in Queensland was resistant to an organophosphorus insecticide, dioxathion (applied as Delnav), which had previously controlled it successfully. Ticks of this strain were despatched to the Cooper Technical Bureau in England, where a culture was established and maintained under selective pressure from dioxathion.The non-parasitic stages of the culture were maintained in an incubator under controlled conditions, and the parasitic stages on cattle in a tick rearing house designed for the purpose. Careful security precautions were taken to ensure that there was no dissemination of tick life outside the confines of the culture. The tick rearing house was provided with double doors, the inner ones of which were screened with copper gauze to prevent the possible transmission of anaplasmosis by biting flies.The activities of 23 insecticides against larvae of this strain and larvae of a strain ofB. microplussusceptible to organophosphorus poisoning were compared. The test method was an immersion technique, usually employing the insecticide in the form of an emulsion. Mortality was assessed 17 hours after treatment. These comparisons indicated that the strain was resistant to the organophosphorus insecticides carbophenothion (62 ×), dioxathion (25 ×), diazinon (15 ×), parathion (10×) and a carbamate, carbaryl (38×). It is suggested that these resistances may be due to a specific mechanism effective against these compounds.Nine other organophosphorus insecticides, one carbamate and rotenone were subject to low-order resistance by this strain significant at P ≤0·05. This was considered to be non-specific resistance.Dioxathion had been in use for tick control on the property concerned for four years before resistance was demonstrated. The property is situated in an area where the tick season lasts for ten months. In other parts of the world, dioxathion has been in use againstBoophilusticks for seven years without the development of resistance to it. The length of time resistance has taken to develop suggests that the resistance mechanism is not the expression of a single dominant gene, as has been demonstrated for dieldrin-resistance.The results suggest that resistance to one or more organophosphorus insecticides will not necessarily prevent the use of other members of this wide and diverse group for tick control. Several of the insecticides shown here to be subject to low-order non-specific resistance are known to be effective tick dips, and one of them, ethion, has been used with success against the resistant strain.An interesting corollary of the results was that the organophosphorus thions showed greater activity than their corresponding oxons against the susceptible strain.

Resistance of cattle to cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. I. The development of resistance to experimental infestation

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Hewetson ◽  
JV Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Experimental Infestation ◽  
Boophilus Microplus Ticks

The development of a resistance by cattle to artificial infestations with Boophilus microplus ticks is reported and the sequence of development discussed. There was a regression of adult female ticks becoming replete with infestation (regression y = 2399.41 – 574x ± 54) up to the fourth infestation. The weight of replete female ticks dropped from resistant cattle increased with infestation but this effect is confounded with the effects of climate. The day of modal drop of replete females increased with infestation, which indicated an effect of resistance on modal drop. Egg-laying was not affected by a developing resistance, but the fertility of eggs from female egg-laying ticks was. There was an increase in fertility of eggs laid after the second infestation.

Trapping of larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus by Stylosanthes scabra under grazing conditions

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Wilson ◽  
RW Sutherst ◽  
JD Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra

Several varieties of the leguminous genus Stylosanthes have the capacity to trap larvae of the tick Boophilus microplus. This capacity was assessed for S. scabra plants collected from grazed fields at two locations, Brian Pastures Research Station and 'The Springs' in central Queensland. Morphological attributes which may affect the capacity of plants to trap tick larvae were recorded. In laboratory tests, plants collected from Brian Pastures trapped 27% of larvae in summer and 12% in winter, whilst plants from 'The Springs' trapped an average of 12%, with no seasonal pattern discernible. The percentage of branches which were sticky was the major determinant of a plant's capacity to trap ticks. Variation in stickiness per se was less important. Frost and burning temporarily reduced tick-trapping capacity, but after four months, burnt plants trapped a higher percentage of larvae than unburnt plants due to the production of sticky regrowth. The implication of the results for the use of S. scabra in tick control programs is discussed.

In vitro Efficacy of Deltamethrin against Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Pratibha Thakur ◽  
R K Bagherwal ◽  
A K Jayraw ◽  
A K Soni
Keyword(s):  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Hyalomma Anatolicum Anatolicum ◽  
Nerve Ganglion ◽  
Cattle Health ◽  
College Farm

Tick and tick-borne diseases such as theileriosis,babesiosis, and Anaplasmosis pose a constant threato cattle health. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus andHyalomma anatolicum are the most commonly foundcattle tick species and cause significant economic lossesto dairy and leather industries by adversely affecting themilk production and quality of hides. Tick control strategyinvolves mainly the use of synthetic acaricides which resultsin the development of acaricide resistance. Deltamethrinacts on the parasites by contact and has strong lipophilicaction thus penetrates the cuticle nerve ganglion and block the motor activity. The presentstudy was aimed at the determination of in vitro efficacyof Deltamethrin against H. anatolicum ticks collected fromhealthy cattle of college farm and nearby dairy farms.

Studies on the survival of the non-parasitic stages of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in three climatically dissimilar districts of North Queensland

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
KLS Harley
Keyword(s):  
Larval Survival ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Times ◽  
Field Plots

Survival of the non-parasitic stages of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), has been investigated over a period of 5 years in 25, 40, and 80 in. rainfall districts of north Queensland. Engorged ticks were exposed regularly in field plots and in Stevenson screens, and the times of egg hatchmg (prehatch period) and periods of survival of the larvae were observed. The prehatch period in the three districts followed the same pattern and was related to seasonal temperature changes, varying from less than 4 weeks in midsummer to over 13 weeks in midwinter. A relationship between minimum prehatch period and mean air temperature for ticks exposed in screens was established, but the data from ticks exposed in the field were too variable to establish a relationship between prehatch periods and soil temperatures. Hatching was recorded in every month of the year from all districts, but during the driest months in the 25 in. rainfall areas many ticks in exposed situations failed to reproduce. Larval survival and total longevity also followed a similar pattern in all districts. The longest survival periods were recorded for the progeny of ticks exposed late in the wet season from March to April, and the shortest survival periods for the progeny of ticks exposed during the dry season from August to September. Mean maximum total longevity for ticks exposed in field plots in the 25 in. rainfall district varied from 10 to 22 weeks, in the 40 in. rainfall district from 14 to 22 weeks, and in the 80 in. rainfall district from 15 to 26 weeks. The data on prehatch and survival periods are a suitable basis for formulating recommendations for tick control by pasture spelling and planned dipping.

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