Quantities of Food eaten by the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.), in Relation to Growth

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Davey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Males And Females

The weight of fresh grass eaten by Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) on each day of its development from hatching until maturation of the adults was investigated. Hoppers in all instars ate on the average about one gram per gram body-weight per day on the middle days of the instars and the adults ate approximately half-a-gram per gram body-weight each day. The percentage of food assimilated, calculated from the dry faeces and estimated dry weight of food eaten, falls from about 78 in the first to 35 in the fifth instar. There were some indication that the food consumption per hopper increases with the number of hoppers per cage.The weight of wheat bran eaten by hoppers was also investigated. The amount eaten by hoppers on the middle day of the first instar is approximately the same, in relation to their body weight, as that eaten per day just before and just after moulting by those in the fourth and fifth instars. More is eaten in the middle of these instars.Measurements of weights and lengths of males and females in the hopper instars and of the weights of adults showed that in the course of their development females become progressively heavier and larger than males. The weight of a newly-hatched hopper is about 10 mg.; a female fledgling weighs about 2 gm. and a male 1·5 gm. Hoppers are approximately 1 cm. long on hatching, and males on reaching maturity are about 4·5 cm. long and females about 5.0 cm.

Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Ubiquinol in Rats and Dogs

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuaki Kitano ◽  
Dai Watanabe ◽  
Shigehito Oda ◽  
Hiroshi Kubo ◽  
Hideyuki Kishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Coenzyme Q ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Focal Necrosis ◽  
Test Article ◽  
Males And Females

Ubiquinol is the two-electron reduction product of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10 or CoQ10) and functions as an antioxidant in both mitochondria and lipid membranes. In humans and most mammals, including dogs, the predominant form of coenzyme Q is coenzyme Q10, whereas the primary form in rodents is coenzyme Q9 (CoQ9). Therefore, the subchronic toxicity of ubiquinol was evaluated and compared in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs. In the initial rat study, males and females were given ubiquinol at doses of 0, 300, 600, or 1200 mg/kg or ubiquinone at 1200 mg/kg by gavage for 13 weeks. This was followed by the second study, where females were given with doses of 75, 150, 200, or 300 mg/kg/day in order to determine a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). In the dog study, the test material was administered to males and females at dose levels of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg, and ubiquinone was included at 600 mg/kg. Clinical observations, mortality, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, blood biochemistry, gross findings, organ weights, and histopathological findings were examined. In both species, determination of plasma and liver ubiquinol concentrations, measured as total coenzyme Q10, were performed. There were no deaths or test article–related effects in body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, or hematology in rats. Histopathological examinations revealed test article–related effects on the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node in female rats but not in male rats. In the liver, fine vacuolation of hepatocytes was observed in the ubiquinol groups at 200 mg/kg and above. These changes were judged to be of no toxicological significance because they were not considered to induce cytotoxic changes. Microgranuloma and focal necrosis with accumulation of macrophages were observed in the ubiquinol groups at 300 mg/kg and above. These findings were accompanied by slight increases in blood chemistry enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), which was suggestive of either potential hepatotoxicity or a normal physiological response to ubiguinol loading. Microgranuloma, and focal necrosis were judged to be only adverse effects induced by test article based on their incidence and pathological characteristics. These changes observed in liver were thought due to uptake of the administered ubiquinol by the liver as an adaptive response to xenobiotics, and the microgranulomas and focal necrosis were considered the results of excessive uptake of ubiquinol, which exceeded the capacity for adaptive response. Based on these findings the NOAEL in rats was conservatively estimated to be 600 mg/kg/day for males and 200 mg/kg/day for females. In dogs, there were no deaths or ubiquinol-related toxicity findings during the administration period. No test article–related effects were observed in body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, electrocardiogram, urinalysis, hematology, or blood chemistry. Histopathological examination revealed no effects attributable to administration of ubiquinol or ubiquinone in any organs examined. Based on these findings, a NOAEL for ubiquinol in male and female dogs was estimated to be more than 600 mg/kg/day under the conditions of this study.

scholarly journals Evidence for the cholinergic markers ChAT and vAChT in sensory cells of the developing antennal nervous system of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Ehrhardt ◽  
George Boyan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Cholinergic Transmission ◽  
Sensory Axons ◽  
First Instar ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Antennal Nerve

AbstractSensory and motor systems in insects with hemimetabolous development must be ready to mediate adaptive behavior directly on hatching from the egg. For the desert locust S. gregaria, cholinergic transmission from antennal sensillae to olfactory or mechanosensory centers in the brain requires that choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vAChT) already be present in sensory cells in the first instar. In this study, we used immunolabeling to demonstrate that ChAT and vAChT are both expressed in sensory cells from identifiable sensilla types in the immature antennal nervous system. We observed ChAT expression in dendrites, neurites and somata of putative basiconic-type sensillae at the first instar stage. We also detected vAChT in the sensory axons of these sensillae in a major antennal nerve tract. We then examined whether evidence for cholinergic transmission is present during embryogenesis. Immunolabeling confirms that vAChT is expressed in somata typical of campaniform sensillae, as well as in small sensory cell clusters typically associated with either a large basiconic or coeloconic sensilla, at 99% of embryogenesis. The vAChT is also expressed in the somata of these sensilla types in multiple antennal regions at 90% of embryogenesis, but not at earlier (70%) embryonic stages. Neuromodulators are known to appear late in embryogenesis in neurons of the locust central complex, and the cholinergic system of the antenna may also only reach maturity shortly before hatching.

scholarly journals Absence of effects of dietary wheat bran on the activities of some key enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mouse liver and adipose tissue

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Stanley ◽  
Jacqueline A. Lambadrios ◽  
Eric A. Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Sucrose

1. The effects of a 100 g/kg dietary substitution of wheat bran on the body-weight gain, food consumption and faecal dry weight of mice given a high-sucrose diet and on the activities of some key enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue were studied.2. Wheat bran had no effect on body-weight gain, food consumption or faecal dry weight.3. Wheat bran had no effect on the activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1. 1.1.44), malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+) (EC 1. 1. 1.40), ATP-citrate (pro-3S)-lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11). The activity of hepatic 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) increased but only when expressed on a body-weight basis.4. Wheat bran had no effect on the activities of adipose tissue glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+), (ATP-citrate igro-3S)-lyase, hexokinase (EC 2. 7. 1. 1), 6-phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase.5. These results suggest that unlike guar gum and bagasse, wheat bran does not change the flux through some pathways of lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue when mice are given high-sucrose diets.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary bagasse on the activities of some key enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mouse liver

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Stanley ◽  
Eric A. Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Sucrose

1. The effects of a 100 g/kg diet substitution of bagasse on the body-weight gain, food consumption and faecal dry weight of mice given a high-sucrose diet and on the activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1. 1. 1. 49), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC I. I. I. 44), malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetatedecarboxylating) (NADP+) (EC I. I. I. 40), ATP-citrate (pro-3S) lyase (EC 4. 1. 3.8), 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2. 7. 1. II), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7. 1. 40) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (EC 3. 1. 3. II) were studied.2. Bagasse had no effect on body-weight gain, food consumption or faecal dry weight.3. Bagasse decreased the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase expressed on a wet weight basis and on a protein basis.4. Bagasse decreased the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydro-genase expressed on a body-weight basis.5. These results suggest that bagasse decreases the flux through some pathways of hepatic lipogenesis when mice are given high-sucrose diets.

Food consumption pattern in the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio (Fabricius, 1788) (Decapoda, Majoidea) megalopae under laboratory conditions

Crustaceana ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 881-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
T. Yamada ◽  
H. Fujimoto ◽  
K. Hamasaki
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Chionoecetes Opilio ◽  
First Instar ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Food Consumption Pattern

The food consumption pattern in megalopae of the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio (Fabricius, 1788) was investigated in the laboratory. Ten megalopae were individually cultured and given an excess of Artemia nauplii each day. All megalopae moulted into first-instar crabs 28-34 days after metamorphosis. The mean total number and total weight of Artemia consumed during the megalopal stage were 1920 individuals and 5.2 mg, respectively. Hence, the food requirement of snow crab megalopae was estimated as ∼190% of the dry body weight of the first-instar crab. Initially, the number of Artemia consumed was nearly constant or decreased only slightly but, later, Artemia consumption decreased with development days. Two-segmented regressions provided good fits to the relationship between the number of days after metamorphosis and the cumulative number of Artemia consumed by individual megalopae. The mean value of the time after metamorphosis of the breakpoint in the rate of food consumption was estimated as 69% of the stage duration, which corresponds to the intermediate of late premoult. Crab sizes (carapace width, wet and dry body weight) were not significantly dependent on the number of Artemia consumed during the entire megalopal period although a positive correlation between these variables was observed. These results provide useful information on the appropriate feeding schedule and management practice for culturing snow crab megalopae and contribute to the understanding of megalopal growth efficiency to the first-instar crab in their natural habitat.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary guar gum on the activities of some key enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mouse liver

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Stanley ◽  
Eric A. Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Malate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Sucrose

1. The effects of a 100 g/kg substitution of guar gum on the body-weight gain, food consumption and faecal dry weight of mice fed on a high-sucrose diet and on the activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1. 1. 1. 49), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1. I. 1. 44), malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate- decarboxylating) (NADP+) (EC I. 1. 1. 40), ATP-citrate (pro-3S)-lyase (EC 4. I.3.8), 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7. 1. 11), pyruvate kinase (EC 2. 7. 1. 40)and fructose-1, Qbisphosphatase (EC 3. 1. 3. 11) were studied.2. Guar gum had no effect on body-weight gain or food consumption but increased faecal dry weight.3. Guar gum increasedtheactivitiesofglucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase, malatedehydrogenase(oxaloacetate- decarboxylating) (NADP+) and 6-phosphofructokinase expressed on a wet-liver-weight basis.4. Guar gum increased the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate- decarboxylating)(NADP+), ATP-citrate (pro-3S)-lyase and 6-phosphofructokinase expressed on a liver-protein basis.5. Guar gum increased the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)(NADP+) expressed on a body-weight basis.6. These results suggest that guar gum increases the flux through some pathways of hepatic lipogenesis when mice are fed on high-sucrose diets.

Cereal Consumption, Production, and Prices in West Pakistan (Notes & Comments)

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Hufbauer
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Early Settlement ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Better Than

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, several Punjab Settlement Officers attempted to estimate food consumption rates. These estimates, based on direct observation and ad hoc guesses, were made partly out of academic curiosity, but more urgently, as an aid in establishing the land revenue (i.e., tax) rates. The pre-1926 estimates are summarized in Table I, expressed in pounds of wheat and other foodgrain consumption per person per year1. Broadly speaking, the later, more systemtic observers (e.g., Sir Ganga Ram and C. B. Barry), found lower consumption levels than the earlier observers. It was generally accepted that the rural populace ate better than urban dwellers. Despite the ingenuity of the early Settlement Officers, their compiled estimates suffer from all the difficulties of haphazard small sample observation. Given the revenue purpose of the estimates, they may be biased towards the able-bodied, economically active, population. Further, the very early estimates may have confused dry weight with cooked weight, including water.

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