An analysis of the numbers of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. Funestus Giles (Diptera, Culicidae) in huts in Northern Nigeria

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Service
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles

Pyrethrum spray-sheet collections in a small village in Northern Nigeria showed that there was no significant difference in the numbers of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles caught at different times in the early morning. In this village, huts at the edge nearest to the only breeding site attracted considerably more adults than those further away from the edge, and some huts were consistently more attractive to mosquitos than others. There was a positive correlation between the numbers of A. gambiae and A. funestus in the huts. Although significant differences were found between numbers of mosquitos caught in the huts occupied by different numbers of people, no simple relationship could be discovered between the combined densities of the two species and the number of hut occupants. It is concluded that there is need for further investigations into the factors influencing densities of the Anophelines in village huts.

scholarly journals Human biting rhythm of Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902 (Diptera: Culicidae) and sleeping behaviour of pregnant women in a lagoon area in Southern Benin

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Armel Djènontin ◽  
Aziz Bouraima ◽  
Christophe Soares ◽  
Seun Egbinola ◽  
Gilles Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Allelic Frequency ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Southern Benin

Abstract Objective In the framework of EVALMOUS study aiming to assess the use and effectiveness of mosquito nets by pregnant women and other members of their household in a lagoon area in southern Benin, the behaviour of pregnant women relative to the time they go to bed using the net were recorded. Malaria vectors biting rhythm, Plasmodium falciparum infection and insecticide resistance genes in malaria vectors were also determined. Results Overall, 3848 females of Anopheles gambiae s. l were collected and 280 pregnant women responded to the survey. Almost all Anopheles gambiae s. l. tested were Anopheles coluzzi Coetzee and Wilkerson 2013 (Diptera: Culicidae). The CSP index in malaria vector was 1.85% and the allelic frequency of kdr gene was 74.4%. Around 90% of bites and Plasmodium falciparum Welch, 1897 (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) transmission occurred between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., which coincides with the period when more than 80% of pregnant women were under bednet. Despite a slight early evening and early morning biting activity of malaria vectors in the study area, the good use of nets might remain a useful protection tool against mosquito biting and malaria transmission.

Observations on Mosquito Behaviour in Native Huts

1950 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Hadaway
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Normal Behaviour ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Mosquito Behaviour ◽  
Thatch Roof

Mosquitos continue to enter occupied, untreated native huts throughout the night, with peak periods of entry at dusk and dawn. Early morning mosquito catches do not give a true picture of the numbers entering and leaving huts during the night.In a series of catches 63 per cent. of 5,576 mosquitos and 79 per cent. of 506 Anopheles gambiae were caught resting on the underside of the thatch roof.By using five traps inserted in apertures one foot below the top of the wall, the numbers of mosquitos attempting to leave a hut were determined. Of 1,014 mosquitos entering huts before 10 p.m., 63 per cent. remained inside until 6.30 a.m., that is for 8½ hours. Catches to estimate numbers entering and leaving at different times during the night were also made.Treatment of huts with DDT wettable powder and DDT-kerosene solution did not interfere with the normal behaviour of mosquitos as far as entry was concerned. Biting occurred in the treated huts.The DDT wettable powder appeared to be more effective than the DDT-kerosene solution.Some mosquitos entered the treated huts, fed and then left before acquiring a lethal dose. After making contact with treated surfaces mosquitos became restless but, under the conditions existing in the huts during the experiments, activation did not result in more leaving the treated huts than the untreated one. Unfortunately there were few A. gambiae and the predominant species entering the huts was Taeniorhynchus fuscopennatus.Some of the female A. gambiae released into unoccupied DDT-treated huts escaped into the traps before acquiring a lethal dose. Although there was a tendency for more to enter the traps of a DDT-treated hut than those of an untreated hut, the data are insufficient to show a significant difference.The majority of mosquitos entering the traps did so within one hour of their release.No mosquitos were still alive 12 hours after their release in huts treated 17 weeks previously with DDT wettable powder or DDT-kerosene solution, or in the hut treated 12 weeks previously with "“Gammexane” wettable powder.

Predictors of influenza vaccination uptake among elderly in Croatia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Miskulin ◽  
A Vcev ◽  
M Matic Licanin ◽  
I Vcev ◽  
I Vukoja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vaccination History ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Effective Public Health

Abstract Background Influenza vaccination (IV) is recommended for elderly but vaccination coverage in this group remains unsatisfactory in Croatia. The aim of this study was to explore IV uptake among elderly from Eastern Croatia and predictors that influence this uptake. Methods This cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted during 2018/2019 influenza season in convenient sample of older adults aged 65 years or more from Eastern Croatia at the primary health care setting. Results The study sample consisted of 816 subjects (48.0% males and 52.0% females). The median age of all subjects was 73.0 years (interquartile range (IQR) 69.5 - 79.0 years). The overall prevalence of IV uptake was 33.3%. The IV uptake was statistically more frequent among females (P < 0.001) and old-old subgroup (85 years and older) (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in IV uptake considering marital status of subjects (P > 0.999). The median number of positive attitudes towards IV was 4.0 (IQR 2.0 - 4.0) and the median number of correct answers was 6.0 (IQR 4.0 - 8.0). The study revealed fair positive correlation between attitudes and IV uptake (rho=0.477; P < 0.001) and poor positive correlation between knowledge and IV uptake (rho=0.242; P < 0.001). The study further showed poor positive correlation between presence of comorbidities and IV uptake (rho=0.187; P < 0.001) and moderate positive correlation between previous year vaccination history and IV uptake (rho=0.669; P < 0.001). Conclusions The study showed that observed IV uptake is far below EU target influenza vaccination coverage among elderly of 75%. The study revealed that fairly good predictors of IV uptake in study population were gender, older age group, and previous year vaccination history while attitudes, knowledge and presence of comorbidities were fairly poor predictors. The good predictors of IV uptake among elderly should be taken into account during influenza vaccination popularization strategies development. Key messages Understanding the factors that could improve the acceptance of vaccination is crucial to design effective public health interventions. The structured communication campaigns on influenza and influenza vaccines should be developed and directed specifically to elderly as one of target groups for vaccination.

Smartphone-induced Behaviour: Utilisation, Benefits, Nomophobic Behaviour and Perceived Risks

2021 ◽  
pp. 097325862097951
Author(s):  
Kshitiz Sharma ◽  
T. Sarathamani ◽  
Sunil Kumar Bhougal ◽  
Hemant Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Private University ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Perceived Risks ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

Smartphone has become an essential part of human lives. People tend to treat it as another part of their body. Besides communication purposes, it is used for searching information, monetary transactions, shopping, social networking, entertainment, etc. This study aims at analysing the factors influencing smartphone usage and behavioural changes among college students under four constructs: utilisation, benefits, nomophobic behaviour and perceived risks (UBNR). An instrument was created with factors concerning the research and administered in a top-ranked private university of Bangalore, India. The research was carried out with a total of 122 responses. The results show that there is no significant difference in the attitude of males and females in most of the factors except social anxiety. Females experience more social anxiety and use smartphone more for maintaining their social relationships. There is no significant difference between the age group of students in all the four constructs. Utilisation is positively related with psychological, social, functional and financial benefits and shows that the greater the usage of smartphone, the greater are the benefits. On the other hand, the study reveals that increased usage of smartphone leads to addiction, causes nomophobia and poses threat of perceived risks. A mediation strategy like educating the students for proper use of technology is necessary to overcome the risk of addiction and developing nomophobia.

Studies of House Leaving and Outside Resting of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles in East Africa. I.—The Outside Resting Population

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Gillies
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
Lowland Area ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Periodic Examination

The behaviour of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles was studied under natural conditions in a lowland area of Tanganyika.Studies on the outside resting population were carried out by direct searching for natural resting sites, and by the use of artificial box shelters partly buried in the ground in shaded localities. Catches in these give a valid sample when set up at some distance from houses.Fed and gravid females comprised 67 per cent. of the outside resting gambiae population, the latter group being between 12 and 4·5 times as numerous as the former. Rather less than half the funestus females caught were unfed, the remainder of the population being mainly composed of gravid females.Precipitin tests on the small numbers of fed females caught outside were nearly all positive for man.The identification of gravid funestus females was confirmed by periodic examination of the eggs.Entry of females into outside shelters did not occur solely in the period around sunrise. An appreciable number of funestus females did not enter before 07.00 hours and this was particularly so in shaded shelters.The building of a hut in the vicinity of a box shelter caused a drastic reduction in the numbers of mosquitos resting in the latter.Outside biting activity in these two species is of negligible importance as a source of females resting outside.

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