Feeding, oviposition and survival of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on Bt and non-Bt cottons

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Lei ◽  
T.-X. Liu ◽  
S.M. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Liriomyza Trifolii ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Choice Tests

AbstractThe effects of Bt transgenic cottons (Bt-I expressing cry1Ac and Bt-II expressing cry1Ab and cry2Ab or cry1Ab and cry1Fa) and non-Bt cottons on feeding, oviposition and longevity of adults, and development and survival of Liriomyza trifolii larvae were studied under laboratory conditions; and infestation on four Bt and two non-Bt cotton traits were investigated under field conditions. Laboratory choice and no-choice tests showed that L. trifolii adults were capable of distinguishing between Bt cottons and non-Bt cottons. In a choice test on younger plants (4–5 leaves), the adults were found more often and made more feeding punctures (FP) on non-Bt cottons than on Bt cottons. On older plants (8–9 leaves), adults made the most FP on non-Bt cotton followed by those on Bt-II cottons and the least on Bt-I cotton. The females oviposited more eggs (6.7 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt cotton than on Bt-I (1.7 eggs per leaf) and Bt-II (0.8 eggs per leaf) cottons on younger plants and oviposited similar numbers of eggs (0.7–1.3 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt and Bt cottons on older plants. In a no-choice test, the females also fed more FP on non-Bt cottons than on Bt cottons on both younger and older plants. The females oviposited more eggs (15.6 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt cotton than on Bt-I (8.2 eggs per leaf) and Bt-II (6.5 eggs per leaf) cottons on younger plants and similar numbers of eggs (2.5–3.3 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt and Bt cottons on older plants. Larval and puparial survivals were not different among Bt and non-Bt cottons. The occurrence and damage of leafminers on cottons in the field showed that L. trifolii infested more plants and leaves and had more mines on non-Bt cotton than on Bt cottons.

scholarly journals Behavioral Responses of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) to a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 in Cotton

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1695-1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott H Graham ◽  
Fred M Musser ◽  
Alana L Jacobson ◽  
Anitha Chitturi ◽  
Beverly Catchot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Bt Toxin ◽  
Choice Tests

Abstract Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), are among the most important insect pests of cotton, Gosssypium hirsutum, in the mid-southern United States. These pests are currently managed primarily by insecticides; however, a new Bt toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 is under evaluation for control of thrips and tarnished plant bug. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavioral response of thrips and tarnished plant bug to Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16. Adult thrips avoided Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton in field choice tests and in separate field tests of Bt and non-Bt cotton not treated with insecticides. In a greenhouse choice test, approximately twice as many adult thrips and eggs were found on non-Bt compared with Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton. Similarly, in a field test of nontreated Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 and non-Bt cotton, 68% of adult thrips collected were found on non-Bt cotton. In cotton that was not sprayed with insecticides, Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 did not affect the distribution of tarnished plant bug within the canopy, although more square and flower injury was caused by tarnished plant bug in non-Bt cotton. Adult tarnished plant bug exhibited a nonpreference for diet containing lyophilized Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 leaves and for excised Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 squares in choice tests with non-Bt squares. The behavioral responses of these pests when exposed to this new Bt toxin will play a key role in the efficacy and potential resistance management strategies if this new technology is incorporated in an overall cotton insect pest management system.

Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) moth and larval response to levels of antixenosis and antibiosis in sorghum inbred lines under laboratory conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. van den Berg ◽  
M.C. van der Westhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Chilo Partellus ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Artificial Infestation ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Antibiosis Resistance ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to determine Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) moth and larval response on sorghum lines differing in levels of antibiosis and antixenosis. The inbred lines were E 302, IS 2205, IS 2122 and SA 2681, all reportedly varying in levels of antibiosis and ovipositional and larval antixenosis to C. partellus. Ovipositional antixenosis was evaluated in choice tests under cage conditions and significant differences were observed in the average number of egg batches per line. E 302 received the greatest number of egg batches. Antibiosis and larval antixenosis was evaluated with artificial infestation in a greenhouse. Significant differences occurred in larval numbers and mean larval mass on different lines, with E 302 possessing the greatest level of antibiosis resistance. This study indicates that resistant genotypes such as E 302 may exhibit high levels of antibiosis or larval antixenosis, but may also be preferred for oviposition. The size of egg batches was not influenced by ovipositional antixenosis. The potential effect of ovipositional antixenosis mechanisms on pest populations under field conditions is discussed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Working Qualitative Parameters for No-Till Machines

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ovidiu RANTA ◽  
Ioan DROCAS ◽  
Sorin STANILA ◽  
Adrian MOLNAR ◽  
Mircea Valentin MUNTEAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Experimental Teaching ◽  
No Till ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Teaching Facility

Autors was designed a system to modify the SPC romanian seeding machine for in order that it can be used for no-till technology. This machine was manufactured with the help of S.C. MECANICA M.A.R.I..U.S. S.A. in Cluj- Napoca and it was used in laboratory conditions in a state of the art soil bin of Hohenheim University, Stuttgart and in laboratory-field conditions. The field experiments were located on a plot of Experimental Teaching Facility of USAMV Cluj-Napoca, on aluviosol molic soil after SRTS – 200, in location Lunca Someşului Mic (Podişul Someşan) .

scholarly journals Capacity of earwig Marava arachidis (Yersin) to access fennel plants Foeniculum vulgare Mill in laboratory and field

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1524-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Ira Abramson ◽  
Paulo Alves Wanderley ◽  
Alexandre José Soares Miná ◽  
Maria José Araújo Wanderley
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Potential Capacity ◽  
Males And Females

This research was aimed at obtaining data about earwig behavior (Marava arachidis Y.) on fennel agro-ecosystems and evaluating its potential capacity to access plants in the absence of aphids under laboratory and field conditions. This study establishes a baseline to evaluate earwigs as biological controls to combat aphids that attack fennel plants. Two experiments were developed. In experiment 1, earwigs were studied under laboratory conditions, in experiment 2 under field conditions. Independent variables were sex, exposure to the essential oil of fennel for 24 or 48 hours, and whether the fennel plant was vegetative or flowering. The results indicated that earwigs will climb a fennel plant in the absence of aphids and that few statistical significant results were obtained among the independent variables examined. A difference between male and females was noted in the field experiment in animals receiving 48 h of exposure to the essential oil of fennel. The terminal height reached by males and females in the 48 h vegetative and flower condition also differed.

scholarly journals Predator-induced changes of male and female mating preferences: innate and learned components

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Plath ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Diane Umutoni ◽  
Guilherme Gomes-Silva ◽  
Jie-Fei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Mating Preferences ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Experiential Effects ◽  
Female Mating Preferences ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract While many mating preferences have a genetic basis, the question remains as to whether and how learning/experience can modify individual mate choice decisions. We used wild-caught (predator-experienced) and F1 laboratory-reared (predator-naïve) invasive Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis from China to test whether mating preferences (assessed in a first mate choice test) would change under immediate predation threat. The same individuals were tested in a second mate choice test during which 1 of 3 types of animated predators was presented: 1) a co-occurring predator, 2) a co-evolved but not currently co-occurring predator, and 3) a non-piscivorous species as control. We compared preference scores derived from both mate choice tests to separate innate from experiential effects of predation. We also asked whether predator-induced changes in mating preferences would differ between sexes or depend on the choosing individual’s personality type and/or body size. Wild-caught fish altered their mate choice decisions most when exposed to the co-occurring predator whereas laboratory-reared individuals responded most to the co-evolved predator, suggesting that both innate mechanisms and learning effects are involved. This behavior likely reduces individuals’ risk of falling victim to predation by temporarily moving away from high-quality (i.e., conspicuous) mating partners. Accordingly, effects were stronger in bolder than shyer, large- compared with small-bodied, and female compared with male focal individuals, likely because those phenotypes face an increased predation risk overall. Our study adds to the growing body of literature appreciating the complexity of the mate choice process, where an array of intrinsic and extrinsic factors interacts during decision-making.

scholarly journals Using Deep Learning for Image-Based Different Degrees of Ginkgo Leaf Disease Classification

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaizhou Li ◽  
Jianhui Lin ◽  
Jinrong Liu ◽  
Yandong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Disease Classification ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
And Training ◽  
Ginkgo Leaf

Diseases from Ginkgo biloba have brought great losses to medicine and the economy. Therefore, if the degree of disease can be automatically identified in Ginkgo biloba leaves, people will take appropriate measures to avoid losses in advance. Deep learning has made great achievements in plant disease identification and classification. For this paper, the convolution neural network model was used to classify the different degrees of ginkgo leaf disease. This study used the VGGNet-16 and Inception V3 models. After preprocessing and training 1322 original images under laboratory conditions and 2408 original images under field conditions, 98.44% accuracy was achieved under laboratory conditions and 92.19% under field conditions with the VGG model. The Inception V3 model achieved 92.3% accuracy under laboratory conditions and 93.2% under field conditions. Thus, the Inception V3 model structure was more suitable for field conditions. To our knowledge, there is very little research on the classification of different degrees of the same plant disease. The success of this study will have a significant impact on the prediction and early prevention of ginkgo leaf blight.

Differential Probing Response of Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), on Cos Lettuce

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg S. Nuessly ◽  
Russell T. Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Liriomyza Trifolii ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Serpentine Leafminer

Leaf mining damage by serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is a major problem of many leafy vegetables especially lettuce. A hierarchy of leaf probing preference by L. trifolii on romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars ‘Floricos 83’ (FC), ‘Parris Island Cos’ (PI), ‘Tall Guzmaine’ (TG), and ‘Valmaine’ (VL) was determined. Based on stipple counts (puncture wounds in the leaf surface), L. trifolii preferred TG by an experiment-wide average of 3:1 over the other cultivars. In choice tests where L. trifolii were able to select their preferred cultivar, TG was preferred 2.2:1 to 5.5:1 over the over varieties. On 12-leaf stage TG plants, eight female flies produced means ± SEM of 664.2 ± 165.8, 1,581.8 ± 333.8, and 2,084.5 ± 242.6 stipples per plant after 24, 48, and 72 h exposures, respectively. Preference for TG was maintained in no-choice tests where TG was preferred 1.8:1 to 2.6:1 over the other cultivars. Stipple counts on FC, PI, and VL did not vary significantly between choice and no-choice tests, but nearly twice as many stipples per plant were found on TG in choice than in no-choice tests. More probing occurred on all cultivars on the youngest fully expanded leaves in the middle of the plants than on leaves toward the bottom or top of the plants. Preference for these middle leaves was more pronounced on TG than on the other cultivars. The differences in stipple rates followed the pedigrees of the cultivars tested. The character(s) preferred by L. trifolii were apparently introduced into the lineage with a cross to ‘Paris White.’

scholarly journals Efficacy of Germinated Cereals as Bait Carrier for Zinc Phosphide and Bromadiolone against Field and Commensal Rodent Pests: A Laboratory Evaluation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
P. Sakthivel ◽  
P. Neelanarayanan
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Mus Booduga ◽  
Bandicota Bengalensis ◽  
Choice Tests

Both sexes of rodent pests such as Bandicota bengalensis, Millardia meltada, Mus booduga, and Rattus rattus were subjected to toxicity tests (acute rodenticide: 1.5% and 2% zinc phosphide and chronic rodenticide: bromadiolone (0.005%), under no-choice and choice tests) by using their preferred germinated cereals, namely, paddy, pearl millet, and finger millet, as bait base, individually. The results indicated that the poison baits in the germinated cereals induced all the chosen four species of rodent pests to consume greater quantities of bait perhaps due to the bait carrier’s palatability and texture. Besides these, the chosen three germinated cereals proved themselves that they are also capable of acting as suitable bait base for both selected rodenticides in bringing maximum mortality among the tested rodent pests under both no-choice and choice tests. Therefore, these germinated cereals may be recommended as a bait carrier for both zinc phosphide (2%) and bromadiolone (0.005%) poisons for the control of all these four species of rodent pests under field conditions. However, this requires field based trials with rodenticides for making a final recommendation.

scholarly journals Study of the efficacy of a Wheaton coated bottle with permethrin and deltamethrin in laboratory conditions and a WHO impregnated paper with bendiocarb in field conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 492-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazaire Aïzoun ◽  
Roseric Azondekon ◽  
Rock Aïkpon ◽  
Virgile Gnanguenon ◽  
Razaki Osse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Conditions

The Use of Pelage Pigmentation in the Recognition of Mothers By Domestic Goat Kids (Capra Hircus)

Behaviour ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 123 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos R. Ruiz-Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Domestic Goat ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Colour Category ◽  
Analysis Of Error

AbstractAlthough it is known that the young play an active role in the formation of mother-young attachment in ruminants, there is scant knowledge of how neonates identify their mothers. This research investigated the use of visual cues, particularly pelage pigmentation, in maternal recognition by domestic goat kids. Observations on the use of auditory cues were carried out secondarily. The findings of this study were: (1) The analysis of error patterns revealed that goat kids performed phenotype matching on the basis of pelage pigmentation when seeking their mothers in two- and six-choice tests, at a distance of 10 m. Presenting the kids with a choice between two females of the same colour resulted in more vacillation, and fewer kids were able to go to their mother directly than when the adults were of different colours. The phenomenon was not evident when the kids were 3 days old. Because it occurred at all other ages, regardless of whether the mother was absent, covered, or fully visible, colour-matching seems to be an important aspect of maternal recognition. (2) Visual cues were important for recognition, as evidenced by the performance of kids when maternal cues were limited (i.e. the mother was covered). (3) The efficiency measures did not correlate strongly with maternal vocalizations when visual cues from the mother were not completely present or when pelage pigmentation was not a good cue for discrimination. On the contrary, kids unexpectedly vocalized more in the conditions in which they could discriminate on the basis of visual cues, that is, when the mother was bare rather than covered, and when she was paired with a doe of a different colour category rather than one of the same colour category. (4) Five-day-old domestic goat kids recognized their mothers efficiently, even within a group, and at a distance of at least 10 m. Most 3-day-kids were not able to find their mothers efficiently in the six-choice test. Errors were made at all ages. The observed performance is consistent with the abilities required of kids under natural conditions.

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