Fertilizer Responses by Coconuts (Cocos nucifera) on Two Contrasting Jamaican Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Critical Levels ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Major Nutrients

SummaryThe results from a 33 and two 25 factorial fertilizer experiments are presented. N-deficiency limited female flower production, rate of bunch production, and yield; K-deficiency reduced the setting of flowers and yield; nuts were larger where P was applied. The results are interpreted in the light of foliar analyses, and the concept of independant critical levels of the major nutrients is challenged. It is suggested that yield is related to the ratios between foliar N and K, but that the K level should in turn be interpreted in the light of a balance between the monovalent and divalent cations. Female flower production and setting can be used as a ready field guide to nutrient requirements.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF DRIP IRRIGATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF COD X WCT COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA L.) HYBRID

CORD ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
R. Dhanapal ◽  
H. P. Maheswarappa ◽  
P. Subramanian ◽  
Ajay Kumar Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Basin Irrigation ◽  
Cocos Nucifera L ◽  
Plantation Crops

A field experiment on drip irrigation for Chowghat Orange Dwarf X West Coast Tall (COD X WCT) coconut hybrid was conducted in laterite soil at Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod (Kerala, India) to study the drip irrigation requirement and its influence on growth and yield.  The treatments included were three levels of drip irrigation (at 33, 66 and 100% E0 daily), basin irrigation  (100%  E0)  and  rainfed  control.     The  experimental  results  revealed  that  annual  leaf production and leaf nutrient status of coconut palm was significantly higher in the irrigated treatments compared to the rainfed control. The female flower production and nut yield with 66 per cent of Eo was on par with 100 per cent of Eo through drip and 100 per cent of Eo through basin irrigation and significantly  superior  compared  to drip irrigation  at 33 per cent of E0  and rainfed  control.   Drip irrigation equal to 66 per cent of open pan evaporation (Eo) proved to be the economically efficient method of irrigation with water saving of 34 per cent compared to 100 per cent of Eo through basin and drip method.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF DRIP IRRIGATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF COD X WCT COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA L.) HYBRID

CORD ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
R. Dhanapal ◽  
H. P. Maheswarappa ◽  
P. Subramanian ◽  
Ajay Kumar Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Basin Irrigation ◽  
Cocos Nucifera L ◽  
Plantation Crops

A field experiment on drip irrigation for Chowghat Orange Dwarf X West Coast Tall (COD X WCT) coconut hybrid was conducted in laterite soil at Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod (Kerala, India) to study the drip irrigation requirement and its influence on growth and yield.  The treatments included were three levels of drip irrigation (at 33, 66 and 100% E0 daily), basin irrigation (100% E0) and rainfed control.  The experimental results revealed that annual leaf production and leaf nutrient status of coconut palm was significantly higher in the irrigated treatments compared to the rainfed control. The female flower production and nut yield with 66 per cent of Eo was on par with 100 per cent of Eo through drip and 100 per cent of Eo through basin irrigation and significantly superior compared to drip irrigation at 33 per cent of E0 and rainfed control.  Drip irrigation equal to 66 per cent of open pan evaporation (Eo) proved to be the economically efficient method of irrigation with water saving of 34 per cent compared to 100 per cent of Eo through basin and drip method. 

Inter-relationships among root cec, yield and mono- and divalent cations in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Wahid ◽  
C. B. Kamala Devi ◽  
N. G. Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Root Cec ◽  
Cocos Nucifera L

scholarly journals Brassinosteriod-induced Femaleness in Cucumber and Relationship to Ethylene Production

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1763-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Papadopoulou ◽  
Rebecca Grumet
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Sex Expression ◽  
Bisexual Flower ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Total Female ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Cucurbitaceae Family

The Cucurbitaceae family is noted for a diversity of sex expression phenotypes. Typically, a phase of male flowers precedes either female or bisexual flower production. Sex determination of individual flowers is regulated by a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Ethylene, auxins, and gibberellins have all been shown to influence flower sex expression in cucurbits. Ethylene, which promotes femaleness, plays a predominant role. In this study, we tested whether brassinosteroids (BR), a more recently identified class of plant hormones, also influences cucurbit sex expression. Applied epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) caused a significant decrease in time of appearance of the first female flower on monoecious cucumber plants, and increased total female flowers on the main stem. Increasing concentrations had a stronger effect. Of the three species tested, cucumber, melon and zucchini, cucumber was the most responsive to BR. Application of epi-BL also caused an increase in ethylene production by cucumber and zucchini seedlings, suggesting that the BR effect may be mediated by ethylene. To investigate the possible relationship between BR and ethylene on sex expression, we identified the concentration of ethephon (5 ppm) that caused an increase in ethylene production comparable to that induced by 10 μm epi-BL (approximately two-fold). Treatment with 5 ppm ethephon was sufficient to increase femaleness of cucumber plants, but not zucchini plants, suggesting that the difference in response to epi-BL treatment may reflect differences in sensitivity to ethylene. Collectively, our results indicate that application of brassinosteroids to cucumber cause earlier and increased female flower production, and that the effects may be mediated, at least in part, by brassinosteroid-induced production of ethylene.

Flower Stimulation Treatments in a Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Wheeler ◽  
D. L. Bramlett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
A Site

Abstract Flowering in conifer seed orchards may be sporadic and insufficient to meet reforestation needs at early ages. Consequently, considerable effort has been made to develop cultural treatments to enhance flowering in operational seed orchards. For a number of species, flower-promoting technology is well-defined. This study evaluated two known technologies, currently in use for other species, for flower-promoting effects in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). A replicated experiment was installed in a 10-year-old, second-generation loblolly pine seed orchard at Lyons, GA. Overlapping, saw-cut girdles and stem-injected GA4/7 were applied alone, and in combination, to main boles of ramets of four clones. Timing of treatments was evaluated using four treatment dates. All treatments significantly enhanced female flower production, relative to controls, although girdling was clearly the most effective single treatment. There was no treatment effect on pollen production. Timing of treatment is important but may require evaluation on a site-by-site basis. Tree health 1 year after treatment was excellent, although clonal sensitivity to some treatments was noted. Use of flower stimulation techniques is recommended, particularly for younger loblolly pine orchards. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):44-50.

scholarly journals Impacts of Elevated Atmospheric CO2and O3on Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera): Reproductive Fitness

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph N. T. Darbah ◽  
Mark E. Kubiske ◽  
Neil Nelson ◽  
Elina Oksanen ◽  
Elina Vaapavuori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Paper Birch

Atmospheric CO2and tropospheric O3are rising in many regions of the world. Little is known about how these two commonly co-occurring gases will affect reproductive fitness of important forest tree species. Here, we report on the long-term effects of CO3and O3for paper birch seedlings exposed for nearly their entire life history at the Aspen FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) site in Rhinelander, WI. Elevated CO2increased both male and female flower production, while elevated O3increased female flower production compared to trees in control rings. Interestingly, very little flowering has yet occurred in combined treatment. Elevated CO2had significant positive effect on birch catkin size, weight, and germination success rate (elevated CO2increased germination rate of birch by 110% compared to ambient CO2concentrations, decreased seedling mortality by 73%, increased seed weight by 17%, increased root length by 59%, and root-to-shoot ratio was significantly decreased, all at 3 weeks after germination), while the opposite was true of elevated O3(elevated O3decreased the germination rate of birch by 62%, decreased seed weight by 25%, and increased root length by 15%). Under elevated CO2, plant dry mass increased by 9 and 78% at the end of 3 and 14 weeks, respectively. Also, the root and shoot lengths, as well as the biomass of the seedlings, were increased for seeds produced under elevated CO2, while the reverse was true for seedlings from seeds produced under the elevated O3. Similar trends in treatment differences were observed in seed characteristics, germination, and seedling development for seeds collected in both 2004 and 2005. Our results suggest that elevated CO2and O3can dramatically affect flowering, seed production, and seed quality of paper birch, affecting reproductive fitness of this species.

scholarly journals PENDUGAAN PARAMETER GENETIK DAN KORELASI ANTAR SIFAT-SIFAT MORFOLOGI KELAPA (Cocos nucifera, Linn)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
HELDERING TAMPAKE ◽  
H. T. LUNTUNGAN
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Climate Type ◽  
Significant Genetic Correlation ◽  
Planting Distance

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui parameter genetik dan korelasi antar sifat-sifat morfologi kelapa. Bahan lanaman yang digunakan adalah 19 populasi kelapa lokal hasil koleksi dan beberapa pulau di Indonesia, ditanam di Kebun Percobaan Pakuwon, Jawa Barat pada tahun 1978 dan 1982. Tinggi tempat 450 m di atas permukaan laut dengan tipe iklim Bl menurut Oldeman. Jumlah tanaman 100 pohon, dengan jarak tanam 9 m x 9 m scgi empat untuk kelapa Dalam dan 60 pohon kelapa Genjah dengan jarak tanam 7 m x 7 m scgi empat sciiap populasi. Pengamatan dilaksanakan dalam dua lahap Mei-Agusius 1996 pada 14 populasi dan Juni-Agustus 2000 pada 5 populasi saat tanaman kelapa berumur 18 tahun. Tanaman yang diamati 4 pohon diulang 3 kali setiap populasi sehingga total tanaman yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 19x4x3 « 228 pohon. Sifat yang diamati meliputi sifat-sifat morfologi batang, daun dan rangkaian bunga Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabilitas genetik sifal-sifal morfologi kelapa umumnya sempil. Beberapa sifat seperti: diameter batang 1,5 m dai permukaan lanah, panjang batang 11 bckas daun, langkai bunga tanpa bunga betina, dan jumlah bunga betina menunjukkan variabilitas genetik yang luas Pada umumnya hcritabilitas dalam am luas dan kemajuan genetik dalam persen untuk semua sifat tinggi, kecuali hentabilitas sifat tangkai bunga membawa bunga betina bemilai sedang. Terdapat korelasi genetik positif yang nyata pada sifat-sifat morfologi batang dengan daun dan rangkaian bunga, kecuali dengan jumlah bunga betina/tandan dan jumlah tandan/ph/lh. Dari 15 sifat yang diamati, hanya 6 sifat yang mempunyai korelasi genetik nyata dengan sifat jumlah bunga betina/tandan yaitu: diameter batang 1.5 m dari permukaan lanah (rg = -0.5215*), panjang batang 11 bckas daun (rg • -0.5369*), lebar anak daun (rg ■ -0.5961**), tebal tangkai landan (rg = 0.5802**), panjang rangkaian bunga (rg ■ -0,6143**), dan panjang tangkai bunga (rg = -0.4907*), sehingga sifat-sifat tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai kiteia seleksi untuk memperoleh jumlah bunga betina banyak per mayang pada lanaman kelapa.</p><p>Kata kunci: Kelapa, parameter genetik, korelasi, sifat morfologi</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSRACT </strong></p><p><strong>Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Correlation Between Morphological Traits in Coconut (Cocos nucifera, Linn)</strong></p><p>The objective of this experiment was to determine genetic parameters and correlation between morphological trails on the coconut population. A total of 19 local coconut populations were collected from some islands in Indonesia, planted at Pakuwon Experimental Garden, West Java in 1978 and 1982. The altitude is 450 meters above sea level with climate type Bl Oldeman. The total number of sample is 100 palms for each tall coconut with planting distance 9 x 9 m and 60 palms for each dwarf coconut with planting distance 7 x 7m. The observation was done in two steps i.e.: May - August 1996 on 14 populations and June - August 2000 on 5 populations when the coconut population was 18 years old. A number of 4 palms with 3 replications were observed of each population to measure morphological traits of he stem, leaf and inflorescence. Therefore, the total palms used in the experiment were 19 x 4 x 3 = 228. The results revealed that the genetic vaiability of coconut morphological trait were generally narrow. A few traits i.e.: stem diameter 1 5 m from ground level, stem length of 11 leaf scars, spadix without female flower, and number of female flowers/bunch showed a wide degree of variability. In general, the heritabilily estimates in broad sense and genetic gained in percent for all trails were high, except the henlability of spadix with female flower Irait was lowly. A positive significant genetic correlation were found to the morphology traits of stem with leaf and inllorcsccncc except Uic number of female flower/bunch and number of bunch/palm/ycar. From fifteen traits, only six traits had significant genetic correlation with the number of female flower Ihcy were diameter stem 1 5 m from ground level (rg 0.5215*), stem length of 11 leaf scars (rg - -0.5369'), leaflet width (rg - -0.5961**), peduncle thickness (rg 0.5802**), length of inflorescence (rg -0.6143**), and length of spadix (rg -0.4907*), and these traits could be used as selection criteria for selecting high female flower bunch on the coconut.</p><p>Keywords ;Cocos nucifera. genetic parameters, correlation, mor- phological trails</p>

scholarly journals 302 POLLINATION AND FRUITSET PATTERNS OF FIELD-GROWN PUMPKINS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 473e-473
Author(s):  
S. W. Cady ◽  
H. C Wien
Keyword(s):  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Investigations of varietal differences in pumpkin flowering and fruitset patterns were initiated in response to reports of poor fruitset by NYS growers. In addition, pollination requirements for marketable fruit were explored in one cultivar. Flowering date, fruitset, and fruit characteristics were recorded for 2 consecutive years in a RCBD of six popular Cucurbita pepo cultivars (Wizard, Happy Jack, Autumn Gold, Ghost Rider, Howden and Baby Bear). On average, female blossoms opened 38 days after 3-wk-old seedlings were transplanted into the field. Flowering period lasted for 3 to 4 weeks. No consistent pattern was found in female flower production nor fruitset until the last week when significant declines occurred. Each blossom only opens for one day and typically closes between 10 am and noon, limiting pollination opportunities. H and-pollination of Wizard' with various dilutions of pollen revealed that a minimum of approximately 2000 grains of pollen is necessary for fruitset. Removal of 66-75% of the stigmatic surfaces did not affect seed number or their location in the fruit, nor fruit shape or size. Fruit size was not correlated with seed number, although no fruit developed with less than 100 seed.

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