Frequency of Malignancies in Surgical Subjects and Subjects with Mass in Breast in the Surgical Department of Pumhsw Nawabshah Pakistan

Objective: To conclude frequency for malignancies in subjects with mass in breast at the PUMHSW Nawabshah department of surgery Wards. Design of Study: This is an Observational research. Duration & Location of Study: Current research was carried out in surgery at Nawabshah People's Medical College Hospital (SBA) from November 20, 2018 to November 20, 2020. Methodology: This research comprised of 200 subjects. A comprehensive history was taken from total subjects with special consideration for breast nodules & axillary lymph nodes & recorded proforma to evaluate the affected area was specifically inspected. A systematic review was also conducted to identify comorbidities. Total subjects received baseline & specific tests, especially radiological & histopathological reports. The selection criterion was that total female subjects over the age of 15 associated with mass in breast were included in this research. Exclusion criteria were subjects with breast abscesses & those who were diagnosed & treated for breast cancer with recurrent lesions. Results: the range of age started from 15-65 years, 39+4.11 years was mean age. lesion of Benign nature on biopsy were were Fibroadenoma 22%, intraductal papilloma 9%, Phylloid Tumor Benign 6% & lactating adenoma 5%. Neoplastic nature was observed on biopsy invasive ductal carcinoma 19%, Invasive lobular carcinoma 11% & malignant phylloides tumor 9%. Conclusion: Study determined that frequency of breast malignancy in breast lumps was 58%.

Evaluating the Association Between Physical Activity and Neuroticism in UK Biobank Cohort

Background: The association between physical activity (PA) and neuroticism has been established, but the genetic mechanism remains elusive now. Methods: In this study, 362,421 participants from UK Biobank were used to explore the associations between PA and neuroticism, using linear regression analysis. PA was measured as excess metabolic equivalent (MET)-hours per week, assessed from a combination of walking and moderate and vigorous PA. The Gene-environment-wide interaction analyses (GEWIS) was conducted by PLINK2.0 to evaluate gene×PA interacting effects on the risk of neuroticism. DAVID tool was then used to conduct gene ontology (GO) analysis of the observed PA-interacted genes. Results: We observed negative association between PA and neuroticism in total sample (b=−0.02, P=9.02×10−37), female sample (b=−0.02, P=5.74×10−28) and male sample (b=−0.02, P=6.17×10−14). GEWIS revealed multiple significant gene×PA interaction signals for neuroticism. 78 candidate genes were observed, such as ST18(rs76573348, P=6.45×10−16)，NRCAM (rs117655943, P=4.28×10-11) and RBFOX3(rs113329299, P=4.72×10-10) in total group, SYT1(rs151016298, P=1.56×10−11), S100B(rs80199493, P=8.56×10−11) and MYT1(rs111360063, P=1.53×10−10) in female group, and NOTCH3 (rs184928292, P=3.31×10-17), SLC24A2 (rs62563282, P=9.56×10-16), CSMD1(rs73177368, P=2.11×10-13) in male group. GO enrichment analysis identified 15, 11 and 38 GO terms for total, female and male samples, such as synapse assembly (Ptotal=1.37×10-2), calcium ion binding (Pfemale=3.33×10-2) and learning or memory (Pmale=1.14×10-2).Conclusion: This study suggested the influences of physical activity on neuroticism, and identified several neuroticism associated genes interacting with PA.

Evaluation of Total Female and Male Aedes aegypti Proteomes Reveals Significant Predictive Protein–Protein Interactions, Functional Ontologies, and Differentially Abundant Proteins

Aedes aegypti is a significant vector for many tropical and subtropical flavivirus diseases. Only the female mosquito transmits pathogens, while the male plays a vital role in mating and species continuity. This study explored the total proteomes of females and males based on the physiological and genetic differences of female and male mosquitoes. Protein extracts from mosquitoes were analysed using LC–ESI–MS/MS for protein identification, protein interaction network analysis, functional ontology enrichment, and differential protein abundance analyses. Protein identification revealed 422 and 682 proteins exclusive to males and females, respectively, with 608 common proteins found in both sexes. The most significant PPIs (<1.0 × 10−16) were for common proteins, followed by proteins exclusive to females (<1.0 × 10−16) and males (1.58 × 10−12). Significant functional enrichments were observed in the biological process, molecular function, and cellular component for the male and female proteins. The abundance of the proteins differed, with one protein showing an increase (elongation factor 1 α, EF1α) and two showing reductions (actin family) in females versus males. Overall, the study verified the total proteomes differences between male and female Ae. aegypti based on protein identification and interactions, functional ontologies, and differentially abundant proteins. Some of the identified proteins merit further investigation to elucidate their roles in blocking viral transmission.

The Influence of Female Leadership Towards Performance: Evidence from Western European Financial Firms

Does the appearance of women at the executive position in the boardroom make any differences in firm performance, especially in the financial sector which is well-known to be a male dominated sector? Inspired by that question, our study aims to explore the influence of female leadership in firm performance. We investigate this relationship from a comprehensive dataset comprising of 310 listed financial institutions from 21 Western European countries. The endogeneity concerns were removed using a Two stage approach least square (2SLS) and Generalized method of moments (GMM). Critically, we demonstrated that women's appearance at alternative managerial levels, including the chairperson, executive, and total female directors in the boardroom, negatively influences both firm accounting and market-based performance. We further explore that the percentage of women in the boardroom (excepting non-executive female directors) has a negative impact on performance only in low-performing firms. Our findings argue with previous studies which encouraged more involvement of women at higher managerial levels. We believe that women's unique characteristics are addressed to alleviate interest behavior, but they tend to reduce the performance of financial firms.

911 EMS Activations by Pregnant Patients in Maryland (USA) during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: In the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, United States Emergency Medical Services (EMS) experienced a decrease in calls, and at the same time, an increase in out-of-hospital deaths. This finding led to a concern for the implications of potential delays in care for the obstetric population. Hypothesis/Problem: This study examines the impact of the pandemic on prehospital care amongst pregnant women. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted comparing obstetric-related EMS activations in Maryland (USA) during the pandemic (March 10-July 20, 2020) to a pre-pandemic period (March 10-July 20, 2019). Comparative analysis was used to analyze the difference in frequency and acuity of calls between the two periods. Results: There were fewer obstetric-related EMS encounters during the pandemic compared to the year prior (daily average during the pandemic 12.5 [SD = 3.8] versus 14.6 [SD = 4.1] pre-pandemic; P <.001), although the percent of total female encounters remained unchanged (1.6% in 2020 versus 1.5% in 2019; P = .091). Key indicators of maternal status were not significantly different between the two periods. African-American women represented a disproportionately high percentage of obstetric-related activations (36.2% in 2019 and 34.8% in 2020). Conclusions: In this state-wide analysis of EMS calls in Maryland early in the pandemic, no significant differences existed in the utilization of EMS by pregnant women. Prehospital EMS activations amongst pregnant women in Maryland only decreased slightly without an increase in acuity. Of note, over-representation by African-American women compared to population statistics raises concern for broader systemic differences in access to obstetric care.

Change in medical practice over time? A register based study of regional trends in hysterectomy in Finland in 2001–2018

Background A persistent research finding in Finland and elsewhere has been variation in medical practices both between and within countries. Variation seems to exist especially if medical decision making involves discretion and the best treatment cannot be identified unambiguously. This is true for hysterectomy when performed for benign causes. The aim of the current study was to investigate regional trends in hysterectomy in Finland and the potential convergence of rates over time. Methods We used hospital discharge register data on hysterectomies performed, diagnoses, age, and region of residence to examine hospital discharges for women undergoing hysterectomy in 2001–2018 among total female population aged 25 years or older in Finland. We examined hysterectomy rates among biannual cohorts by indication, calculated age-standardised rates and used multilevel models to analyse potential convergence over time. Results Altogether 131,695 hysterectomies were performed in Finland 2001–2018. We found a decreasing trend, with the age-adjusted overall hysterectomy rate decreasing from 553/100,000 person years in 2001–2002 to 289/100,000 py in 2017–2018. Large but converging regional differences were found. The correlations between hospital district intercepts and slopes in time ranged from − 0.71 to − 0.97 (p < 0.001) suggesting diminishing variation. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that change in hysterectomy practices and more uniformity across regions are achievable goals. Regional variation still exists suggesting differences in medical practices.

Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among Young Healthy Females in Gujarat - A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Urinary incontinence is a problem that creates both physical and psychological nuisance to all women. It has significant impact on socioeconomically aspect of life too. This problem needs to be studied in detail in young Gujarati population because of lack of precise data at early age. It is also essential to estimate the disease burden that will help in to find out preventive strategies and early intervention. Hence, the present study has been carried out to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence among young healthy Gujarati females. Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted among 323 young female aged between 18 to 45 years from month of December 2017 to October 2018. All the data was collected by Proforma consisting of socio demographic details, QUID questionnaire for female urinary incontinence diagnosis and also questions to assess the severity of urinary incontinence. Incontinence was classified as urge, stress and mixed based on symptoms according to QUID questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of UI was 29.36% (323 out of 1100). Of the total female having incontinence, highest numbers were found to have stress incontinence (51.70%, 167/323) followed by mixed (37.15%, 120/323) and urge incontinence (11.15%, 36/323). Out of 323 subjects 214 (66.25 %) were young healthy females aged between 18 to 35 years having complained of urine leakage. Majority (55.60 %) were suffering from stress urinary incontinence in young age. Conclusion: Urinary incontinence is bothersome condition among all young females too. Awareness has to be created about the any kind of urine leakage at any age. So that necessary steps can be taken to prevent and to treat this silent disease at early age. Key words: Prevention, urinary incontinence (UI), young females, QUID questionnaire.

Amplified Fragments of an Autosome-Borne Gene Constitute a Significant Component of the W Sex Chromosome of Eremias velox (Reptilia, Lacertidae)

Heteromorphic W and Y sex chromosomes often experience gene loss and heterochromatinization, which is frequently viewed as their “degeneration”. However, the evolutionary trajectories of the heterochromosomes are in fact more complex since they may not only lose but also acquire new sequences. Previously, we found that the heterochromatic W chromosome of a lizard Eremias velox (Lacertidae) is decondensed and thus transcriptionally active during the lampbrush stage. To determine possible sources of this transcription, we sequenced DNA from a microdissected W chromosome sample and a total female DNA sample and analyzed the results of reference-based and de novo assembly. We found a new repetitive sequence, consisting of fragments of an autosomal protein-coding gene ATF7IP2, several SINE elements, and sequences of unknown origin. This repetitive element is distributed across the whole length of the W chromosome, except the centromeric region. Since it retained only 3 out of 10 original ATF7IP2 exons, it remains unclear whether it is able to produce a protein product. Subsequent studies are required to test the presence of this element in other species of Lacertidae and possible functionality. Our results provide further evidence for the view of W and Y chromosomes as not just “degraded” copies of Z and X chromosomes but independent genomic segments in which novel genetic elements may arise.

Application of the Leslie Matrix to Predict the Number and Growth Rate of Women in West Java 2021

Data from the Central Statistics Agency 2019 collected that the total population of women in Indonesia is less than male, which is 131.48 million people if compared to the total male population, which is 132.68 million population. This matter is directly relation to the total female population in West Java which is also less than the male population around 24031252.0 female and 24652609.0 male population(Badan Pusat Statistika, 2019).This should be the focus of the government to balance the population growth of women and men in West Java because of the role of women being central in the population growth of the people of West Java. The targets of the development plan contained in the RPJM 2005-2025 is to improve the quality of human resources, including the role of women in development. The growth of the female population is an important thing that must be observed, considering the role of women is determining the development of the human population in the future, because without the role of women the population will not be able to develop. This encourages researchers to predict the number and rate of female population growth in West Java in 2021. The Leslie matrix is a matrix used to predict the number and growth rate of a population. By applying the Leslie matrix to predict the number and growth rate of women in West Java in 2021, it can be concluded that the number of female populations in West Java is around tends to increase.