Responses to Grazing Intensity on the Transvaal Highveld

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gillard
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Calculation ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Grassland Types

SUMMARYThe productivity of climax and serai grassland in South Africa was compared at three stocking rates with steers. On climax grassland, over nine years, gains per head at one steer per morgen (= 2·12 acres = 0·86 hectare) were not significantly greater than at two steers per morgen. Liveweight gains per morgen were 70 per cent higher at the heavier stocking rate and were 162 lb and 273 lb at one and two steers respectively. On serai grassland, over three seasons stocked at two steers and three steers per morgen, the liveweight gains per steer were significantly less at the higher stocking rate but there was no significant difference in the gains per morgen, which were 366 lb and 318 lb at two and three steers respectively. The liveweight gains on the seral grassland were significantly higher than on the climax grassland at the same stocking rate Calculation of the total digestible nutrients (T.D.N.) has shown that with heavier stocking more T.D.N. per morgen may be harvested on both grassland types. However, with heavy grazing the efficiency of conversion of T.D.N. into liveweight was less. The quality of the sward, measured in per cent crude protein, P2O5 and crude fibre was better at the heavier stocking owing to delayed maturity of the grass when it is continually grazed short.

scholarly journals Influence of lucerne and meadow hay quality on the digestibility of nutrients in the roe deer

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sommer ◽  
M. Vodňanský ◽  
P. Petrikovič ◽  
R. Požgaj
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Significant Difference

It was confirmed in metabolic experiments with 4 individuals of roe deer (2 males and 2 females with the live weight of 20.8 and 17.9 kg, respectively) that due to the animals’ selective choice of a part of feeds there was no significant difference in the intake of lucerne hay of different quality and high-quality meadow hay (515.86 ± 66.97 and 597.82 ± 94.87 g, respectively). However, different quality of lucerne hay influenced the animals’ intake of crude protein and crude fibre. When the animals were fed meadow hay, they took in significantly less crude protein and fibre and significantly more nitrogen-free extract, fat and ash. Digestibility of crude protein was observed to be significantly decreased in hay of lower quality (by 10.1%). Digestibility coefficients for crude protein, crude fibre, organic matter and fat were significantly lower in grass hay compared to lucerne hay. Based on the coefficients of nutrient digestibility it can be stated that meadow hay, even if of excellent quality, is not a suitable supplement for the roe deer.  

Stocking rate and the superphosphate requirements of sown pasture on an acid soil

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stocking Rates

The response by Phalaris-subterranean clover pasture to applied nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur was measured at two sites on the same soil. Both sites had the same fertilizer history. For the past fifteen years the stocking rate on one site had been maintained at not less than three times that of the other. Yield responses to phosphorus were obtained at both sites. The response at the lower stocking rate was greater than that at the high stocking rate. A similar response pattern was found for nitrogen, but the difference in response between the stocking rate treatments was not significant. The pastures did not respond to sulphur. The trend was for sulphur to depress the yield at both stocking rates. The evidence suggests that less superphosphate was needed to maintain pasture production at high stocking rates than at low ones. Available phosphorus, determined chemically, increased with grazing intensity. There was no evidence that a particular soil phosphorus fraction was associated with this increase, or the lower requirement for added fertilizer. The only significant difference between grazing treatments were increases in the iron, calcium, and organic forms at the higher grazing intensity. It is probable that the present pasture response, and hence the fertilizer requirement of the soil, was influenced more by the altered growth potential of the plants under grazing, than by the effect of grazing on the soil nutrient status.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Temperature Dependent Variations in Proximate Parameters and Mineral Elements of Smoke-Dried Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) using Traditional and Eco-Friendly Kilns in Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-643
Author(s):  
M.M. Ogunbambo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Smoke-drying Clarias gariepinus (catfish) provides animal protein and a source of livelihood in Lagos, Nigeria. Changes occurring to seasonal and mineral compositions of smoke-dried catfish using local Traditional Drum Kiln (TDK) and a newly constructed Eco-Friendly Kiln (EFK) fitted with a flame, drying and electronic components was carried out in this study. The smoke-drying process was carried out in both wet and dry seasons and smoke-dried catfish samples stored at ambient and adjusted refrigerated temperatures of 28 and 4 0C. The smoke-drying procedure was  standardized at 60 - 80 0C and kiln lasted 24 ± 3 hours. Moisture content results showed a significant difference when the catfish samples were smoke-dried using TDK and EFK and stored in ambient and controlled temperatures in both wet and dry seasons while crude protein, lipid, ash and crude fibre values were significantly different when stored only in dry season. Mineral elements phosphorus, sodium, copper, magnesium and iron showed a significant difference when stored at both temperatures and seasons using both kilns. Mineral elements were found to be most stable in smoke-dried catfish samples when stored at controlled temperatures. This work proved that standardizing smoke-drying process using both kilns resulted in good quality smoke-dried catfish but showed that higher biochemical values were obtained when EFK is used. Key words: Nigeria, Smoke-drying Kilns, Seasons, Ambient, Controlled Temperatures

Persistence and growth of Lotononis bainesii–Digitaria decumbens pastures: 1. Sheep stocking rate

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pott ◽  
L. R. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Cotton South ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Stocking Rates

SUMMARYSheep were grazed for 2 years at stocking rates of 7, 14, 21 and 28/ha on a pasture comprising Lotononis bainesii and Digitaria decumbens cv. Pangola at Mt Cotton, south–east Queensland. There were six replicates of each treatment grazed in rotation with 3 days' grazing followed by 15 days' rest.The initial dominance of lotononis was lost after 6 months of grazing and lotononis failed to persist satisfactorily at any stocking rate. Demographic studies showed that lotononis behaved as a short-lived plant, predominantly annual, with some vegetative perennation as stolon-rooted units under heavy grazing. Soil seed reserves varied from 5800 to 400 m2 at the lightest and heaviest stocking rates respectively. Lotononis failed to regenerate under Pangola shading or inopportune high grazing pressure. Soil bulk density (0–7 cm) increased from 1·2 to 1·4 g/cm3 according to stocking rate.

scholarly journals The nutritional quality of feedstuffs used in dairy goat nutrition in Vojvodina

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-178
Author(s):  
Snezana Paskas ◽  
Jelena Miocinovic ◽  
Branislav Vejnovic ◽  
Zsolt Becskei
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

The study was to conduct to evaluate the chemical composition and nutritive values of feedstuffs (forages and concentrate mixtures) used for dairy goats nutrition in Vojvodina. Samples were collected from six farms, including one organic farm. The results showed that the relative feed values of analyzed forages were in the range of good, medium to lower quality. Average protein content from lowest to highest for investigated forages was: corn silage (Zea Mays) (65.37-82.57g kg??DM), alfalfa haylage (Medicago sativa L.) (159.99-184.17g kg??DM), pasture (185.30g kg?? DM), and alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) (167.48-203.60g kg??DM). The non-fibre carbohydrates and protein content most varied in organic hay samples (cv: 29.25% and 19.09%, respectively). Generally, feedstuffs used in organic nutrition, including organic concentrate, were of lower nutritional quality and moreover contained higher amounts of crude fibre and lignin. Especially, a high source of variation was observed in investigated concentrate mixtures for the crude protein content (p<0.0001), ranged from 135.32 to 209.87g kg??DM. Corn silages also varied substantially in their chemical composition and significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in regard to acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin content (ranged: ADF: 242.20-319.24g kg??DM; ADL: 27.98-52.54g kg??DM, respectively). Furthermore, pasture contained the most soluble materials during May and June and their content was related inversely to crude fibre amount. This survey highlights that investigated farms still pay insufficient attention to the quality of the feedstuff. For the development of intensive goat farming, greater emphasis should be placed on using higher quality feedstuffs, as well, standards for feed quality must be considered and established.

scholarly journals THE YIELD STABILITY AND QUALITY OF LEGUMES DURING TWO CONSECUTIVE, EXTREMELY DRY YEARS

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Miriam Kizeková ◽  
Ján Tomaškin ◽  
Jozef Čunderlík ◽  
Ľubica Jančová ◽  
Janka Martincová
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Herbage Quality

Abstract This study highlights the effect of drought and ambient temperature on performance and herbage quality of legume monocultures and grass-legume mixtures. In a field experiment, the total dry matter yield, seasonal pattern of dry matter yield distribution, content of crude protein and crude fibre of monocultures of red clover and alfalfa and grass-legume mixtures were investigated during two consecutive dry years (2011-2012). Alfalfa cultivars Kamila and Tereza grown as monocultures or as mixtures with Festulolium braunii (cultivar Achilles) outperformed the red clover cultivars Fresko and Veles and provided a well-balanced total and seasonal dry matter yield during both years. Across all experimental years, crude protein content was significantly higher at alfalfa monocultures and mixture when compared with clover monocultures (P < 0.05). However, considerable lower content of crude fibre at clover monocultures in comparison with alfalfa ones was found. Responses of nutritive parameters of both legume species to weather variables were different. Crude protein content in red clover was independent of rainfall and temperature. In contrast, the crude fibre content correlated with temperature whereby the alfalfa monocultures showed stronger correlations (P < 0.05) than red clover monocultures.

Milk production from cows grazing on tropical grass pastures. 1. Effects of stocking rate and level of nitrogen fertilizer on the pasture and diet

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Davison ◽  
RT Cowan ◽  
RK Shepherd ◽  
P Martin
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

A 3-year experiment was conducted at Kairi Research Station on the Atherton Tablelands, Queensland, to determine the effects of stocking rate and applied nitrogen fertilizer on the pasture yield and composition, diet selection by cows, and soil fertility of Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton) pastures. Thirty-two Friesian cows were used in a 4x2 factorial design: four stocking rates (2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 cows/ha), each at two rates of fertilizer application 200 and 400 kg N/ha.year. The higher rate of fertilization increased the pasture green dry matter on offer at all samplings (P < 0.01); the increase ranged from 1 106 kg/ha in summer to 548 kg/ha in spring. Green dry matter decreased ( P< 0.0 1) with increasing stocking rate, with mean yields of 3736 and 2384 kg/ha at 2.0 and 3.5 cows/ha, respectively. Weed yields increased over the 3 years at the higher stocking rates for pastures receiving 200 kg N/ha.year. The crude protein content of leaf and stem increased with increasing stocking rate and amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer. Values ranged from 12.1 to 26.5% of dry matter (DM) in leaf and from 3.7 to 13.8% DM in stem. In leaf, sodium concentration (range 0.05-0.20% DM) was increased, while phosphorus concentration (range 0.21-0.44% DM) was decreased by the higher rate of fertilizer application. Plant sodium and phosphorus levels were inadequate for high levels of milk production. Dietary leaf content and crude protein contents were consistently increased by both a reduced stocking rate, and the higher rate of fertilization. Cows were able to select for leaf and at the lowest stocking rate, leaf in the diet averaged 38%; while the leaf content of the pasture was 20%. Dietary leaf content ranged from 38 to 57% in summer and from 11 to 36% in winter. Dietary crude protein ranged from 13 to 15% in summer and from 7 to 11% in winter and was positively correlated with pasture crude protein content and dietary leaf percentage. Soil pH decreased (P<0.05) from an overall mean of 6.3 in 1976 to 6.1 at 200 N and 5.8 at 400 N in 1979. Soil phosphorus status remained stable, while calcium and magnesium levels were lower (P<0.01) after 3 years.

A Comparative Study of Sheep Grazing a Semi-Arid Saltbush Pasture in Two Condition Classes.

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Graetz
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Broken Hill ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Stocking Rates

Measurements were made of the wool growth, body weight gain and diet of sheep grazing a saltbush pasture near Broken Hill, N.S.W. The experiment utilized a fenceline contrast in saltbush (Atriplex vesrcarra) density that was visible on Landsat imagery. It ran for five years (1976-1981) with a design of two pasture types by two stocking rates. Fleece weights varied from 3.9-6.0 kg/head and wool production from 0.6-2.9 kg/ha. Neither wool production per head nor bodyweight were substantially affected by stocking rate or pasture type. The composition and quality of the diets selected by sheep on both pastures were identical and of high nutritional value indicating their capability to accommodate differences in pasture composition. Pasture quality was not limiting between stocking rates or determined by the abundance of saltbush. Changes in pasture composition resulting from grazing and exclosure were small and of no significance.

scholarly journals Influence of stocking rate and advancing season on forage intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in steers supplemented with dried distillers grains with solubles while grazing northern Great Plains rangelands1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla E Chilcoat ◽  
Matthew S Crouse ◽  
Michael R Undi ◽  
Joel S Caton ◽  
Bryan W Neville
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Stocking Rates

Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of stocking rate and advancing season on diet chemical composition, intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in steers supplemented with distillers grains with solubles [0.3% of body weight (BW)] while grazing northern Great Plains rangelands. Angus cross beef steers (n = 188; 320 ± 30.3 kg initial BW) were used to establish targeted stocking rates, and 12 ruminal cannulated steers (272 ± 20.0 kg initial BW) were used for diet sampling while cograzing with the noncannulated animals on 12 pastures (n = 3 per treatment). Stocking rates were set to target 65%, 50%, 35%, and 20% of an average annual above-ground biomass remaining at the end of the grazing season (May–September). Five 10-d collection periods were conducted for May 13–22, June 10–19, July 8–17, August 5–14, and September 2–11. There was no difference in steer BWs or average daily gain during any of the collection periods or between stocking rate (P ≥ 0.10). Organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of forage masticate samples were not affected (P ≥ 0.25) by stocking rate. Crude protein, and all N fractions of forage masticates also did not differ between stocking rate treatments (P ≥ 0.18). Forage OM intake (grams per kilogram of BW) increased cubically across the entire grazing season (P = 0.05). Organic matter digestibility decreased quadratically (P &lt; 0.01) from May to September. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility showed a cubic effect (P &lt; 0.01) across the grazing season, increasing from May to June, then decreasing till September. Crude protein digestibility decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) as the season advanced. Ruminal ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were affected by stocking rate × period interactions (P ≤ 0.02). Ruminal pH, ammonia, and VFA concentrations were not affected by the stocking rate (P &gt; 0.13) but were impacted by the advancing season (P &lt; 0.01). Ruminal pH increased quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) with advancing season (6.3 to 6.6 ± 0.05 from May to September, respectively). The results of this study demonstrate that intake, fermentation, and digestibility of northern Great Plains forages were influenced more by seasonal factors associated with forage maturity than stocking rate under the conditions of this study.

Effect of grazing intensity and cultivar on morphology, phenology, and nutritive value of subterranean clover II. Nutritive value during the growing season

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Ru ◽  
J. A. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Pasture Quality ◽  
Heavy Grazing

With the decline in pasture quality in southern Australia, the development of management strategies to improve nutrient supply for grazing animals is essential and requires a clear understanding of the interaction between animals and plants. The impact of grazing intensity on the morphology of subterranean clover was previously examined. This paper reports the effect of grazing intensity on the nutritive value of subterranean clover, and the variation in quality of cultivars during the growing season. Grazing intensity influenced nutritive value and interacted with cultivar maturity. Heavy grazing depressed dry matter digestibility (DMD) by 5 percentage units in October for early maturity cultivars but increased DMD by 3 percentage units in September for mid maturity cultivars. The influence of grazing intensity on nitrogen content was small. Heavy grazing did not affect acid detergent fibre for the early maturity group, but depressed it for the mid maturity group throughout the season. Acid detergent lignin remained comparable for all cultivars during the season. Mineral content of subterranean clover showed variable response to grazing treatments. Nutritive value varied among cultivars within each maturity group. DMD ranged over 53–64%, 44–62%, and 45–53% for early, mid, and late maturity groups, respectively, at the end of the growing season. The cultivar rank in all nutritional parameters changed with the progress of the season. The large ranges in the decline rate of DMD within each maturity group during the last 8 weeks of growth gave an indication of the potential quality of the cultivars during late spring and early summer. Despite the variation in mineral content there were no cultivars in which the concentration of minerals was below the minimum requirements of sheep. These results indicate that there is a potential for the selection of high quality cultivars within a breeding program, and that indicative targets of grazing intensity need to be further developed with a focus on pasture quality.

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